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Ihe mmịfe na-egosi akụkọ atọ kwa slide.Jiri bọtịnụ azụ na nke na-esote ịkwaga na slides, ma ọ bụ bọtịnụ njikwa slide na njedebe ka ịgafe na slide ọ bụla.

ASTM A240 304 316 igwe anaghị agba nchara Ọkara efere nwere ike ịkpụ ma ahaziri ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ China

Ihe akara: 201/304/304l/316/316l/321/309s/310s/410/420/430/904l/2205/2507
Ụdị: Ferritic, Austenite, Martensite, Duplex
Teknụzụ: Oyi na-agbagharị ma na-ekpo ọkụ
Asambodo: ISO9001, CE, SGS kwa afọ
Ọrụ: Nnwale ndị ọzọ
Nnyefe: n'ime ụbọchị 10-15 ma ọ bụ na-atụle ọnụọgụ

Igwe anaghị agba nchara bụ alloy ígwè nwere opekempe ọdịnaya Chromium nke 10.5 pasent.Ọdịnaya Chromium na-emepụta ihe nkiri chromium oxide dị mkpa n'elu igwe a na-akpọ oyi akwa passivation.Ihe oyi akwa a na-egbochi nrụrụ aka n'elu ígwè;ka ọnụ ọgụgụ Chromium dị na nchara ahụ ka ukwuu, ka nguzogide corrosion na-abawanye.

Igwe ahụ nwekwara ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche dị ka Carbon, Silicon na Manganese.Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe ndị ọzọ iji mee ka nguzogide corrosion (Nickel) na nhazi (Molybdenum).

Omume nke nnukwu carbon martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (HCMSS) nke nwere ihe dịka 22.5 vol.% carbides nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke chromium (Cr) na vanadium (V), bụ nke agbaze eletrọn (EBM) doziri.Ihe mejupụtara microstructure bụ nke martensite na residual austenite, submicron high V na micron high Cr carbides na-ekesa nke ọma, na ike siri ike dị oke elu.CoF na-ebelata ihe dịka 14.1% site na ibu ala na-abawanye n'ihi ibufe ihe sitere na egwu ahụ eyiri gaa na ahụ na-emegide ya.E jiri ya tụnyere ígwè ọrụ martensitic a na-emeso ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ, ọnụego eyi nke HCMSS fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu na ibu etinyere dị ala.Usoro kachasị na-eyi bụ iwepụ matriks nchara site na abrasion na-esote oxidation nke wear track, ebe abrasive nke akụkụ atọ na-eme na ibu ibu.Ebe nrụrụ rọba n'okpuru ọnya eyi bụ nke a na-ahụta site na ịse eserese ike ike.A kọwapụtara ihe pụrụ iche na-eme ka ọnọdụ uwe na-abawanye dị ka mgbawa carbide, akwa vanadium carbide tearout, na ịnwụ na-agbawa.Nchọpụta a na-eme ka ìhè dị n'ụdị ejiji nke mmepụta ihe mgbakwunye HCMSS, nke nwere ike imeghe ụzọ maka imepụta ngwa EBM maka ngwa iyi sitere na osisi ruo n'ụdị injection plastik.
igwe anaghị agba nchara (SS) bụ a vasatail ezinụlọ nke steels n'ọtụtụ ebe na aerospace, ụgbọala, nri na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ngwa n'ihi na ha elu corrosion eguzogide na kwesịrị ekwesị n'ibu Njirimara1,2,3.Nguzogide corrosion ha dị elu bụ n'ihi nnukwu ọdịnaya nke chromium (karịa 11.5 wt.%) na HC, nke na-enye aka n'ichepụta ihe nkiri oxide nke nwere nnukwu chromium dị n'elu1.Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ akara nchara igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere obere carbon ya mere ha nwere oke ike ma na-eyi nguzogide, na-ebute ndụ ọrụ belata n'ime ngwaọrụ ndị metụtara eyi dị ka akụrụngwa ọdịda ikuku4.Ọtụtụ mgbe, ha na-enwe obere isi ike (na nso 180 ruo 450 HV), ọ bụ naanị ụfọdụ okpomọkụ na-emeso martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere nnukwu ike ike (ruo 700 HV) na nnukwu carbon ọdịnaya (ruo 1.2 wt%), nke nwere ike inye aka na nhazi nke martensite.1. Na nkenke, nnukwu ọdịnaya carbon na-ebelata okpomọkụ mgbanwe martensitic, na-enye ohere ịmepụta microstructure zuru oke nke martensitic na ịnweta microstructure na-eguzogide iyi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu.Enwere ike ịgbakwunye usoro siri ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, carbides) na matriks ígwè iji meziwanye nkwụsi ike nke anwụ.
Iwebata mmepụta ihe mgbakwunye (AM) nwere ike imepụta ihe ọhụrụ nwere ihe ndị a chọrọ, njiri mara microstructural, yana akụrụngwa akụrụngwa dị elu5,6.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbaze akwa akwa ntụ ntụ (PBF), otu n'ime usoro ịgbado ọkụ na-ere ahịa, gụnyere ntinye nke ntụ ntụ ntụ ntụ iji mepụta akụkụ ndị nwere ọdịdị chiri anya site na agbaze ntụ ntụ site na iji isi mmalite okpomọkụ dị ka lasers ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik7.Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila na mgbakwunye igwe anaghị agba nchara akụkụ nwere ike karịa omenala mere akụkụ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara nke edobere na nhazi mgbakwunye egosila na ha nwere akụrụngwa ọrụ dị elu n'ihi microstructure ha kacha mma (ya bụ, mmekọrịta Hall-Petch)3,8,9.Ngwọta okpomọkụ nke igwe anaghị agba nchara ferritic AM-emeso na-arụpụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-enye ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị otu ha na-emebu3,10.Igwe anaghị agba nchara agbadoro okpukpu abụọ nke nwere nnukwu ike na ike siri ike, nke a na-ahazi site na nhazi mgbakwunye, ebe akụrụngwa arụrụ arụ ọrụ ka mma bụ n'ihi usoro intermetallic bara ụba chromium na microstructure11.Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike nweta ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na PH igwe anaghị agba nchara site na ịchịkwa austenite na-ejide na microstructure na ịmepụta machining na okpomọkụ ọgwụgwọ parameters 3,12,13,14.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, njirimara tribological nke igwe anaghị agba nchara AM austenitic enwetawo nlebara anya karịa igwe anaghị agba nchara ndị ọzọ.The tribological omume nke laser agbaze na oyi akwa nke ntụ ntụ (L-PBF) mesoo na 316L a mụrụ dị ka ọrụ nke AM nhazi parameters.E gosiputara na ibelata porosity site n'ibelata ọsọ nyocha ma ọ bụ ịba ụba ike laser nwere ike imeziwanye nguzogide iyi15,16.Li et al.17 nwalere akọrọ slide eyi n'okpuru dị iche iche parameters (ibu, ugboro na okpomọkụ) na gosiri na ụlọ okpomọkụ eyi bụ isi iyi usoro, mgbe ịba ụba slide ọsọ na okpomọkụ na-akwalite oxidation.Ihe na-akpata oxide oyi akwa na-eme ka ọrụ nke ibu ahụ rụọ ọrụ, esemokwu na-ebelata na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, na ọnụ ọgụgụ iyi na-abawanye na okpomọkụ dị elu.N'ime ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ, mgbakwunye TiC18, TiB219, na SiC20 na ihe L-PBF mesoro 316L matrix kwalitere nguzogide iyi site n'ịmepụta nnukwu ọrụ siri ike na-eme ka oyi akwa na-abawanye na oke nha nke ihe siri ike.A hụkwara oyi akwa oxide na L-PBF12 mesoro PH ígwè na SS11 duplex steel, na-egosi na ịmachi austenite ejigidere site na ọgwụgwọ okpomọkụ post-12 nwere ike melite nguzogide eyi.Dị ka a chịkọtara ebe a, akwụkwọ na-elekwasị anya na tribological arụmọrụ nke usoro 316L SS, ebe enwere ntakịrị data na arụmọrụ tribological nke usoro martensitic additively arụpụtara igwe anaghị agba nchara nwere nnukwu carbon ọdịnaya.
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) bụ usoro yiri L-PBF nke nwere ike ịmepụta microstructures na carbides refractory dị ka vanadium dị elu na chromium carbides n'ihi ikike ya iru elu okpomọkụ na iṅomi ọnụego 21, 22. Akwụkwọ ndị dị ugbu a na nhazi EBM nke igwe anaghị agba nchara. ígwè na-tumadi lekwasịrị anya na-ekpebi kacha ELM nhazi parameters nweta a microstructure na-enweghị cracks na pores na melite n'ibu Njirimara23, 24, 25, 26, mgbe ọrụ na tribological Njirimara nke EBM mesoo igwe anaghị agba nchara.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a mụọla usoro eji akwa carbon martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara nke e jiri ELR mee ihe n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị nwere oke, na nrụrụ rọba siri ike ka a kọwapụtara na ọ ga-eme n'okpuru abrasive (nnwale aja), nkụ na ụrọ-erosion ọnọdụ27.
Ọmụmụ ihe a nyochara nguzogide iyi na ihe mgbagha nke nnukwu carbon martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara ejiri ELR agwọ ya n'okpuru ọnọdụ mmịfe akọrọ akọwara n'okpuru.Nke mbụ, e ji mara njirimara microstructural site na iji nyocha eletrọnịkị eletrọnịkị (SEM), ike dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), mgbasa X-ray na nyocha onyonyo.A na-eji data enwetara na ụzọ ndị a dị ka ihe ndabere maka nleba anya nke omume tribological site na ule nzaghachi akọrọ akọrọ n'okpuru ibu dị iche iche, na n'ikpeazụ, a na-enyocha ọdịdị elu nke eyi site na iji SEM-EDX na laser profilometers.A gbakọrọ ọnụ ahịa uwe ahụ wee jiri ya tụnyere ígwè ngwá ọrụ martensitic emesokwara ya.Emere nke a iji mepụta ihe ndabere maka iji usoro SS a tụnyere usoro iyi uwe ndị a na-ejikarị nwere otu ụdị ọgwụgwọ ahụ.N'ikpeazụ, a na-egosi map nke akụkụ nke ụzọ ejiji na-eji usoro nhazi nke siri ike nke na-ekpughe nrụrụ plastik nke na-eme n'oge kọntaktị.Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na a na-eduzi ule tribological maka ọmụmụ ihe a iji ghọta nke ọma ihe ndị dị na tribological nke ihe ọhụrụ a, na ọ bụghị ịme ka ọ bụrụ ngwa ngwa.Ọmụmụ ihe a na-enye aka na nghọta ka mma nke tribological Njirimara nke ọhụrụ additively emepụtara martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara maka eyi ngwa na-achọ ọrụ na ike gburugburu.
Ihe atụ nke nnukwu carbon martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (HCMSS) ejiri ELR emeso ya n'okpuru akara aha Vibenite® 350 bụ VBN Components AB, Sweden wetara ma wetara ya.Ngwakọta kemịkalụ ọnụ nke ihe nlele: 1.9 C, 20.0 Cr, 1.0 Mo, 4.0 V, 73.1 Fe (wt.%).Nke mbụ, a na-emepụta ihe nrịbama akọrọ (40 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm) site na ntinye akụkụ anọ enwetara (42 mm × 22 mm × 7 mm) na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla post-thermal site na iji igwe eletriki eletrik (EDM).Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji akwụkwọ ájá SiC kụchie ihe atụ ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu nke nwere oke ọka 240 ruo 2400 R iji nweta nhụsianya elu (Ra) nke ihe dịka 0.15 μm.Na mgbakwunye, ụdị nke EBM-mere elu-carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) nwere ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ ọnụ nke 1.5 C, 4.0 Cr, 2.5 Mo, 2.5 W, 4.0 V, 85.5 Fe (wt. .%) (nke a na-akpọ azụmaahịa dị ka Vibenite® 150) A na-akwadokwa ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ.HCMTS nwere 8% carbides site na olu ma a na-eji ya atụnyere data ọnụego uwe HCMSS.
A na-eme njirimara microstructural nke HCMSS site na iji SEM (FEI Quanta 250, USA) nke nwere ihe nchọpụta X-ray (EDX) XMax80 nke sitere na Oxford Instruments.Ewere foto micrograph atọ na-enweghị usoro nwere 3500 µm2 n'ụdị eletrọn azụ (BSE) wee nyochaa ya site na iji nyocha onyonyo (ImageJ®)28 iji chọpụta irighiri mpaghara (ya bụ akụkụ nke olu), nha na ọdịdị.N'ihi ọdịdị ọdịdị ahụ a na-ahụ anya, a na-ewere akụkụ dị nta nke mpaghara ha nhata nha nha nha nha.Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakọ ihe ọdịdị nke carbide site na iji nha nha nha (Shfa):
Ebe Ai bụ mpaghara carbide (µm2) na Pi bụ okirikiri nke carbide (µm) 29.Iji chọpụta usoro ndị ahụ, a na-eme diffraction X-ray powder (XRD) site na iji X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D8 Discover with a LynxEye 1D strip detector) na Co-Kα radieshon (λ = 1.79026 Å).Nyochaa ihe nlele n'elu 2θ nso site na 35° ruo 130° na nha nzọụkwụ nke 0.02° na oge nzọụkwụ nke 2 sekọnd.A na-enyocha data XRD site na iji ngwanrọ Diffract.EVA, nke melitere nchekwa data crystallographic na 2021. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-eji ihe nyocha Vickers hardness tester (Struers Durascan 80, Austria) chọpụta microhardness.Dị ka ọkọlọtọ ASTM E384-17 30 si dị, a na-ebipụta 30 n'ụdị a na-akwado metallographically na 0.35 mm increments maka 10 s na 5 kgf.Ndị ode akwụkwọ akọwapụtalarị njirimara microstructural nke HCMTS31.
A na-eji tribometer efere bọọlụ (Bruker Universal Mechanical Tester Tribolab, USA) mee ule nlegharị anya nkụja, nhazi ya nke akọwapụtara n'ebe ọzọ31.Usoro ule bụ ndị a: dị ka ọkọlọtọ 32 ASTM G133-05, ibu 3 N, ugboro 1 Hz, ọrịa strok 3 mm, oge 1 hour.Aluminom oxide bọọlụ (Al2O3, klaasị ziri ezi 28/ISO 3290) nke nwere dayameta 10 mm nwere nnukwu ihe dị ka 1500 HV na ihu ihu (Ra) nke ihe dịka 0.05 µm, nke Redhill Precision, Czech Republic nyere, jiri mee ihe dị ka counterweights. .A họọrọ imezi ihe iji gbochie mmetụta nke oxidation nke nwere ike ime n'ihi nguzozi na iji ghọta nke ọma usoro ejiji nke ụdị n'okpuru ọnọdụ akwa akwa.Ekwesiri ighota na ihe nlere ule bu otu ihe di na Ref.8 iji tulee data onu ogugu uwe na ihe omumu di ugbua.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-eme usoro nyocha nke na-emeghachi omume na ibu nke 10 N iji nyochaa arụmọrụ nke tribological na ibu dị elu, ebe ule nyocha ndị ọzọ nọgidere na-adịgide adịgide.Nrụgide kọntaktị mbụ dị ka Hertz si kwuo bụ 7.7 MPa na 11.5 MPa na 3 N na 10 N, n'otu n'otu.N'oge ule iyi, edere ike esemokwu na ugboro 45 Hz yana agbakọ nkezi ọnụọgụ esemokwu (CoF).Maka ibu ọ bụla, a na-ewere nha atọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọnọdụ.
A na-enyocha trajectory iyi ahụ site na iji SEM akọwara n'elu, wee mee nyocha EMF site na iji ngwa nyocha Aztec Acquisition wear surface analysis.A na-enyocha elu nke cube jikọtara ọnụ site na iji microscope anya (Keyence VHX-5000, Japan).Onye na-ahụ maka laser na-enweghị kọntaktị (NanoFocus µScan, Germany) jiri mkpebi kwụ ọtọ nke ±0.1 µm n'akụkụ axis z na 5 µm n'akụkụ axes x na y.Emepụtara maapụ profaịlụ elu wear scar na Matlab® site na iji nhazi x, y, z enwetara site na nha profaịlụ.A na-eji ọtụtụ profaịlụ ụzọ akwa kwụ ọtọ ewepụtara na maapụ profaịlụ elu iji gbakọọ mfu oke iyi n'ụzọ uwe ahụ.A na-agbakọ mfu olu ahụ dị ka ngwaahịa nke akụkụ akụkụ akụkụ nke profaịlụ waya na ogologo nke iyi egwu, na nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke usoro a ka ndị dere 33 kọwapụtara na mbụ.Site na ebe a, a na-enweta ọnụ ọgụgụ iyi (k) kpọmkwem site na usoro ndị a:
N'ebe a, V bụ ụda olu n'ihi iyi (mm3), W bụ ibu etinyere (N), L bụ ebe dị anya (mm), na k bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ uwe a kapịrị ọnụ (mm3/Nm) 34.Agụnyere data esemokwu na maapụ profaịlụ elu maka HCMTS n'ihe mgbakwunye (Nkọwapụta S1 na eserese S2) iji tụnyere ọnụego uwe HCMSS.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, a na-eji map siri ike nke akụkụ nke ụzọ ejiji iji gosipụta àgwà nrụrụ plastik (ya bụ ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'ihi nrụgide kọntaktị) nke mpaghara eyi.A na-egbutu ihe atụ ndị a na-egbu maramara na wiil nke aluminom oxide na igwe ịkpụ (Struers Accutom-5, Austria) ma jiri akara akwụkwọ SiC na-egbuke egbuke site na 240 ruo 4000 P tinyere ọkpụrụkpụ nke samples.Nleta Microhardness na 0.5 kgf 10 s na 0.1 mm anya dị ka ASTM E348-17 si kwuo.Edebere mbipụta ndị ahụ na grid akụkụ anọ 1.26 × 0.3 mm2 dị ihe dị ka 60 µm n'okpuru elu (Nkeji 1) wee sụgharịa map siri ike site na iji koodu Matlab® omenala akọwara n'ebe ọzọ35.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-enyocha microstructure nke akụkụ obe nke mpaghara ejiji site na iji SEM.
Nhazi nke akara iyi nke na-egosi ebe akụkụ obe dị (a) na micrograph anya nke maapụ siri ike nke na-egosi akara amapụtara na ngalaba obe (b).
Microstructure nke HCMSS e jiri ELP mejuo nwere netwọọdụ carbide jikọrọ ọnụ nke matriks gbara ya gburugburu (Fig 2a, b).Nnyocha EDX gosipụtara na carbide isi awọ na ọchịchịrị bụ chromium na vanadium ọgaranya carbides, n'otu n'otu (Table 1).A na-agbakọ site na nyocha ihe oyiyi, a na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke carbides dị ~ 22.5% (~ 18.2% elu chromium carbides na ~ 4.3% vanadium carbides dị elu).Nkezi nha ọka nwere ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ bụ 0.64 ± 0.2 µm na 1.84 ± 0.4 µm maka V na Cr carbides bara ụba, n'otu n'otu (Fig 2c, d).Carbides V dị elu na-abụkarị okirikiri nwere ihe ọdịdị (± SD) nke ihe dịka 0.88 ± 0.03 n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ihe nrịbama dị nso na 1 kwekọrọ na carbide okirikiri.N'ụzọ dị iche, elu chromium carbides adịghị nke ọma gburugburu, na-enwe ọdịdị nke ihe dị ka 0.56 ± 0.01, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi agglomeration.Martensite (α, bcc) na njide austenite (γ', fcc) achọpụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ diffraction kacha elu na usoro X-ray HCMSS dị ka egosiri na Fig. 2e.Na mgbakwunye, usoro X-ray na-egosi ọnụnọ nke carbide nke abụọ.Achọpụtala chromium carbide dị elu dị ka ụdị carbides M3C2 na M23C6.Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ si kwuo, 36,37,38 diffraction elu nke VC carbides e dekọrọ na ≈43 ° na 63 °, na-atụ aro na ọnụ ọgụgụ VC na-ekpuchi elu M23C6 nke chromium-rich carbides (Fig 2e).
Microstructure nke elu-carbon martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara na-emeso EBL (a) na ịdị elu dị ala na (b) na mmụba dị elu, na-egosi chromium na vanadium ọgaranya carbides na igwe anaghị agba nchara (electron backscattering mode).Eserese mmanya na-egosi nha nha ọka nke chromium-ọgaranya (c) na vanadium-rich (d) carbides.Usoro X-ray na-egosi ọnụnọ nke martensite, austenite na carbides na microstructure (d).
Nkezi microhardness bụ 625.7 + 7.5 HV5, na-egosi ike siri ike dịtụ elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere igwe anaghị agba nchara martensitic (450 HV) 1 emebere na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọkụ.A na-akọ na ike nanoindentation nke nnukwu V carbides na nnukwu Cr carbides dị n'etiti 12 na 32.5 GPa39 na 13–22 GPa40, n'otu n'otu.Ya mere, ike siri ike nke HCMSS ejiri ELP emeso ya bụ n'ihi nnukwu carbon ọdịnaya, nke na-akwalite nhazi netwọk carbide.Ya mere, HSMSS ejiri ELP emeso ya na-egosi ezigbo njirimara microstructural na ike siri ike na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ọzọ mgbe ọkụ ọkụ gasịrị.
A na-egosi akụkụ nke nkezi ọnụọgụ esemokwu (CoF) maka ihe atụ na 3 N na 10 N na eserese 3, akara nke kacha nta na oke esemokwu nwere akara translucent.Usoro nke ọ bụla na-egosi usoro ịgba ọsọ yana usoro steeti kwụ ọtọ.Usoro ịgba ọsọ na-ejedebe na 1.2 m na CoF (± SD) nke 0.41 ± 0.24.3 N na na 3.7 m na CoF nke 0.71 ± 0.16.10 N, tupu ịbanye n'ọnọdụ ahụ kwụ ọtọ mgbe esemokwu kwụsịrị.adịghị agbanwe ngwa ngwa.N'ihi obere mpaghara kọntaktị na nrụrụ plastik mbụ siri ike, ike esemokwu na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'oge a na-agba ọsọ na 3 N na 10 N, ebe ike esemokwu dị elu na ogologo nkwụsị ogologo mere na 10 N, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ya. n'eziokwu na E jiri ya tụnyere 3 N, mmebi elu dị elu.Maka 3 N na 10 N, ụkpụrụ CoF dị na oge nkwụsị bụ 0.78 ± 0.05 na 0.67 ± 0.01, n'otu n'otu.CoF fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsie ike na 10 N ma na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ na 3 N. N'ime akwụkwọ ole na ole, CoF nke L-PBF na-emeso igwe anaghị agba nchara tụnyere ozu mmeghachi omume seramiiki na obere ibu etinyere sitere na 0.5 ruo 0.728, 20, 42, nke dị na ya. ezigbo nkwekọrịta na ụkpụrụ CoF tụrụ atụ na ọmụmụ ihe a.Mbelata nke CoF na ibu na-abawanye na steeti kwụ ọtọ (ihe dị ka 14.1%) nwere ike ịsị na nbibi elu na-eme na interface dị n'etiti elu eyi na ibe ya, nke a ga-atụle n'ihu na ngalaba na-esote site na nyocha nke elu. eyi samples.
Ọnụọgụ esemokwu nke ụdị VSMSS ejiri ELP emeso ya n'okporo ụzọ na-amị amị na 3 N na 10 N, a na-akara oge kwụ ọtọ maka akụkụ ọ bụla.
A na-eme atụmatụ ụdị ejiji nke HKMS (625.7 HV) na 6.56 ± 0.33 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm na 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm na 3 N na 10 N, n'otu n'otu (Fig. 4).Ya mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ iyi na-abawanye na ibu na-abawanye, nke dị mma na ọmụmụ ihe dị ugbu a na austenite na-emeso L-PBF na PH SS17,43.N'okpuru otu tribological ọnọdụ, ndị na-eyi ọnụego na 3 N bụ ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke maka austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara na-emeso L-PBF (k = 3.50 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3 / Nm, 229 HV), dị ka ọ dị na mbụ ikpe. .8. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ iyi nke HCMSS na 3 N dị ntakịrị karịa ihe a na-eji eme ihe austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara na, karịsịa, dị elu karịa ndị a na-agbanye nke ọma (k = 4.20 ± 0.3 × 10-5 mm3)./ Nm, 176 HV) na nkedo (k = 4.70 ± 0.3 × 10–5 mm3 / Nm, 156 HV) igwe anaghị agba nchara austenitic, 8, n'otu n'otu.E jiri ya tụnyere ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na akwụkwọ akụkọ, a na-ekwu na ọnyà dị elu nke HCMSS bụ ihe dị elu nke carbon na netwọk carbide kpụrụ nke na-akpata ike siri ike karịa igwe anaghị agba nchara austenitic a na-ejikarị eme ihe.Iji mụọ n'ihu n'ịmụ ụdị uwe nke ụdị HCMSS, a nwalere ụdị igwe dị elu carbon martensitic tool steel (HCMTS) (nke nwere ike nke 790 HV) n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị yiri ya (3 N na 10 N) maka ntụnyere;Ihe mgbakwunye bụ HCMTS Profaịlụ Profaịlụ dị n'elu (Ntụpọ S2).Ọnụego mkpuchi nke HCMSS (k = 6.56 ± 0.34 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu nke HCMTS na 3 N (k = 6.65 ± 0.68 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm), nke na-egosi nguzogide iyi mara mma. .A na-ekwukarị na njirimara ndị a sitere na njirimara microstructural nke HCMSS (ya bụ ọdịnaya carbide dị elu, nha, ọdịdị na nkesa nke irighiri carbide na matriks, dịka akọwara na ngalaba 3.1).Dị ka akọwara 31,44 na mbụ, ọdịnaya carbide na-emetụta obosara na omimi nke ịcha ahụ na usoro micro-abrasive yi.Otú ọ dị, ọdịnaya carbide ezughị ezu iji chebe ọnwụ na 10 N, na-akpata ịba ụba.N'akụkụ na-esote, a na-eji ọdịdị ọdịdị elu ya na topography kọwaa usoro iyi uwe na nrụrụ dị n'okpuru nke na-emetụta ọnụego eyi HCMSS.Na 10 N, ọnụọgụ VCMSS (k = 9.66 ± 0.37 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm) dị elu karịa nke VKMTS (k = 5.45 ± 0.69 × 10-6 mm3 / Nm).N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-eyi ka dị elu: n'okpuru ọnọdụ ule yiri nke ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpuchi mkpuchi dabere na chromium na stelite dị ala karịa nke HCMSS45,46.N'ikpeazụ, n'ihi ike siri ike nke alumina (1500 HV), ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eyi mating bụ ihe na-adịghị mma na ihe ịrịba ama nke nnyefe ihe sitere na ihe atụ ahụ gaa na bọọlụ aluminom.
Nke a na-eyi na ELR machining nke elu carbon martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (HMCSS), ELR machining nke elu carbon martensitic ngwá ọrụ ígwè (HCMTS) na L-PBF, nkedo na elu isotropic ịpị (HIP) machining nke austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara (316LSS) na dị iche iche ngwa. A na-ebufe ọsọ ọsọ.Ihe mgbasa na-egosi ụkpụrụ ọkọlọtọ nke nha.A na-ewepụta data maka igwe anaghị agba nchara austenitic site na 8.
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị siri ike dị ka chromium na stellite nwere ike inye nkwụsi ike ka mma karịa sistemu alloy na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, igwe mgbakwunye nwere ike (1) melite microstructure, ọkachasị maka ihe nwere ụdị njupụta dị iche iche.arụ ọrụ na akụkụ njedebe;na (3) imepụta topologies elu ọhụrụ dị ka agba agba mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe.Na mgbakwunye, AM na-enye mgbanwe imewe geometric.Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ma dị mkpa dịka ọ dị oke mkpa iji kọwapụta njirimara ejiji nke ọla ọla ndị a emepụtara ọhụrụ na EBM, nke akwụkwọ ndị dị ugbu a nwere oke oke.
A na-egosi ọdịdị ọdịdị nke elu na-eyi na ọdịdị nke ihe atụ ndị a na-eyi na 3 N na fig.5, ebe usoro eji eme ihe bụ abrasion na-esote oxidation.Nke mbụ, a na-emezi mkpụrụ nchara ahụ nke plastik wee wepụ ya ka ọ bụrụ oghere 1 ruo 3 µm miri emi, dị ka egosiri na profaịlụ elu (Fig 5a).N'ihi na frictional okpomọkụ eme site na-aga n'ihu sliding, ewepụrụ ihe na-anọgide na interface nke tribological usoro, na-akpụ a tribological oyi akwa mejupụtara obere agwaetiti nke nnukwu ígwè oxide gburugburu elu chromium na vanadium carbides (Figure 5b na Table 2).), dị ka akọkwara maka austenitic igwe anaghị agba nchara mesoo L-PBF15,17.Na fig.5c na-egosi oxidation siri ike na-eme n'etiti oghere ahụ.Ya mere, a na-eme ka e guzobe oyi akwa esemokwu site na mbibi nke oyi akwa esemokwu (ya bụ, oyi akwa oxide) (Fig 5f) ma ọ bụ iwepụ ihe onwunwe na-eme n'ebe ndị na-adịghị ike n'ime microstructure, si otú a na-eme ka mwepụ nke ihe onwunwe dịkwuo elu.N'okwu abụọ ahụ, mbibi nke oyi akwa esemokwu na-eduga n'ịmepụta ngwaahịa na-eyi na interface, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ọchịchọ maka mmụba na CoF na steeti 3N kwụ ọtọ (Fig 3).Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e nwere ihe ịrịba ama nke uwe nke akụkụ atọ nke oxides na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na-eyi na egwu egwu, nke na-eduga n'ịmepụta micro-scratches na mkpụrụ (Fig 5b, e) 9,12,47.
Profaịlụ dị n'elu (a) na fotomicrographs (b-f) nke wear surface morphology nke elu-carbon martensitic igwe anaghị agba nchara na-emeso ya na ELP na 3 N, akụkụ nke akara iyi na BSE mode (d) na anya microscopy nke wear elu na 3 N (g) alumina spheres.
Mwepu gbalaga kpụrụ na ígwè mkpụrụ, na-egosi plastic deformation n'ihi na eyi (Fig. 5e).Enwekwara nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ na nyocha nke omume uwe nke SS47 austenitic steel ejiri L-PBF agwọ ya.Ntughari nke carbides bara ụba nke vanadium na-egosikwa nrụrụ plastik nke matrix ígwè n'oge sliding (Fig 5e).Micrographs nke akụkụ obe nke akara iyi na-egosi ọnụnọ nke obere olulu gburugburu gburugburu microcracks (Fig 5d), nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke nrụrụ plastik dị nso n'elu.Ntufe ihe na-aga n'ihu na aluminom oxide spheres dị oke, ebe akụkụ ndị ahụ nọgidere na-adịgide adịgide (Fig 5g).
The obosara na omimi nke eyi nke samples mụbara ibu ibu (na 10 N), dị ka e gosiri na elu topography map (Fig. 6a).Abrasion na oxidation ka bụ usoro eji eme ihe, na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ micro-scratches na egwu ejiji na-egosi na uwe nke akụkụ atọ na-emekwa na 10 N (Fig 6b).Nnyocha EDX gosipụtara nguzobe nke agwaetiti oxide nwere ígwè.Ọnụ ọgụgụ Al dị na ụdịdị ahụ kwadoro na nnyefe nke ihe sitere na counterparty gaa na nlele ahụ mere na 10 N (Fig 6c na Tebụl 3), ebe a na-ahụghị ya na 3 N (Table 2).A na-eyi uwe ahụ nke atọ site na ihe ndị na-eyi si n'agwaetiti oxide na analogs, ebe nyocha EDX zuru ezu gosipụtara ihe na-ebufe ihe site na analogs (Ngbakwunye S3 na Table S1).A na-ejikọta mmepe nke agwaetiti oxide na olulu miri emi, nke a na-ahụkwa na 3N (Fig 5).Mgbawa na nkewa nke carbide na-emekarị na carbide bara ụba na 10 N Cr (Fig 6e, f).Na mgbakwunye, elu V carbides flake na-eyi matrix gbara ya gburugburu, nke n'aka nke na-akpata atọ akụkụ.Otu olulu yiri nha na ọdịdị dị elu nke carbide V dị elu (nke a na-egosipụta na okirikiri uhie) pụtakwara na mpaghara obe nke egwu (Fig 6d) (lee nha carbide na nyocha ọdịdị. 3.1), na-egosi na V dị elu. carbide V nwere ike ịgbapụ matriks na 10 N. The gburugburu udi nke elu V carbides na-enye aka na-adọta mmetụta, mgbe agglomerated elu Cr carbides na-adịkarị mfe cracking (Fig. 6e, f).Omume ọdịda a na-egosi na matriks ahụ agafeela ike ya iji gbochie nrụrụ plastik yana na microstructure adịghị enye ike mmetụta zuru oke na 10 N. Ịgbawa kwụ ọtọ n'okpuru elu (Fig. 6d) na-egosi ike nke nrụrụ plastik nke na-eme n'oge mbanye.Ka ibu na-abawanye, a na-enyefe ihe site na egwu a na-eyi na bọl alumina (Fig 6g), nke nwere ike ịdị na-eguzosi ike na 10 N. Isi ihe kpatara mbelata nke ụkpụrụ CoF (Fig 3).
Profaịlụ dị n'elu (a) na foto micrographs (b-f) nke elu elu elu (b-f) nke igwe anaghị agba nchara nke carbon martensitic na-emeso ya na EBA na 10 N, na-eyi akụkụ obe egwu na ọnọdụ BSE (d) na elu microscope anya. nke alumina sphere na 10 N (g).
N'oge ejiji na-amị amị, a na-edobe elu ya na nrụgide mkpakọ na mkparị nke mmadụ na-ebute, na-ebute nnukwu nrụrụ rọba n'okpuru elu eyi34,48,49.Ya mere, ịrụsi ọrụ ike nwere ike ime n'okpuru ala n'ihi nrụrụ plastik, na-emetụta usoro ejiji na nrụrụ nke na-ekpebi àgwà ejiji nke ihe.Ya mere, a na-eme maapụ ike nke cross-section (dị ka nkọwa zuru ezu na Nkebi 2.4) n'ọmụmụ ihe a iji chọpụta mmepe nke mpaghara deformation plastic (PDZ) n'okpuru ụzọ ejiji dị ka ọrụ nke ibu.Ebe ọ bụ na, dị ka e kwuru na ngalaba ndị gara aga, a na-ahụ ihe ịrịba ama doro anya nke nrụrụ plastik n'okpuru akara ejiji (Fig 5d, 6d), karịsịa na 10 N.
Na fig.Onyonyo 7 na-egosi cross-section hardness diagrams of wear marks of HCMSS emeso na ELP na 3 N na 10 N. Ọ dị mma na-arịba ama na ndị a hardness ụkpụrụ e ji mee ihe dị ka index iji nyochaa mmetụta nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike.Mgbanwe na ike siri ike n'okpuru akara ejiji bụ site na 667 ruo 672 HV na 3 N (Fig 7a), na-egosi na ịrụ ọrụ siri ike bụ ihe na-adịghị mma.Eleghị anya, n'ihi mkpebi dị ala nke maapụ microhardness (ya bụ anya dị n'etiti akara), usoro nha ike etinyere enweghị ike ịchọpụta mgbanwe na ike siri ike.N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, a na-ahụ mpaghara PDZ nwere ụkpụrụ siri ike sitere na 677 ruo 686 HV na oke omimi nke 118 µm na ogologo 488 µm na 10 N (Fig 7b), nke kwekọrọ na obosara nke egwu egwu (Fig 7b). Foto nke 6a)).Achọpụtara data yiri nke ahụ na nha nha PDZ nwere ibu n'ime nyocha uwe na SS47 ejiri L-PBF gwọọ ya.Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ọnụnọ nke austenite ejigidere na-emetụta ductility nke ihe mgbakwunye 3, 12, 50, na austenite nọgidere na-agbanwe ghọọ martensite n'oge nrụrụ plastik (mmetụta plastik nke mgbanwe mgbanwe oge), nke na-eme ka ọrụ ike nke ígwè ahụ dịkwuo elu.ígwè 51. Ebe ọ bụ na VCMSS sample ẹdude nọgidere na austenite dị ka X-ray diffraction ụkpụrụ a tụlere na mbụ (Fig. 2e), a tụrụ aro na-ejigide austenite na microstructure nwere ike ghọọ martensite n'oge kọntaktị, si otú na-amụba ike nke PDZ (isi). Foto nke 7b).Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nhazi nke ntanye na-eme na egwu iyi (Fig 5e, 6f) na-egosikwa nrụrụ plastik nke kpatara nkwụsị nke nkwụsị n'okpuru ọrụ nke nrụgide na-eme ka ọ dị na kọntaktị na-amị amị.Otú ọ dị, nrụgide na-akpata na 3 N ezughị ezu iji mepụta njupụta dị elu nke dislocation ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke austenite na-ejide na martensite nke a na-ahụ site na usoro eji eme ihe, ya mere a na-ahụ ike ọrụ naanị na 10 N (Fig 7b).
Eserese nke ike siri ike nke gafere nke egwu igwe anaghị agba nchara nke carbon martensitic nke etinyere n'ọrụ igwe mwepu ọkụ na 3 N (a) na 10 N (b).
Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi omume iyi na njirimara microstructural nke igwe anaghị agba nchara carbon martensitic ọhụrụ ejiri ELR gwọọ ya.A na-eme ule akọrọ na-amị amị n'okpuru ibu dị iche iche, wee nyochaa ihe nlele ndị yi uwe site na iji microscopy eletrọn, profilometer laser na maapụ ike nke akụkụ obe egwu egwu.
Nyocha microstructural kpughere otu nkesa nke carbide nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya nke chromium (~ 18.2% carbides) na vanadium (~ 4.3% carbides) na matrix nke martensite ma na-ejigide austenite nwere nnukwu microhardness dị elu.Usoro iyi kachasị na-eyi na ọxịdashọn na ibu dị ala, ebe uwe ahụ atọ kpatara site na agbatị elu-V carbides na ọka oxides rụrụ arụ na-enyekwa aka na-eyi na ibu ibu.Ọnụ ego a na-eyi dị mma karịa L-PBF na igwe anaghị agba nchara austenitic, na ọbụna yiri nke EBM ígwè ígwè ígwè na obere ibu.Uru CoF na-ebelata site na ibu na-abawanye n'ihi ịnyefe ihe na ahụ nke ọzọ.N'iji usoro nkewa ike siri ike gafere, mpaghara nrụrụ plastik ka egosiri n'okpuru akara iyi.Enwere ike nyochaa nchacha ọka na mgbanwe nke akụkụ na matriks site na iji electron backscatter diffraction iji ghọta nke ọma mmetụta nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike.Mkpebi dị ala nke maapụ microhardness anaghị ekwe ka nhụta nke ike mpaghara wear na ibu dị ala etinyere, yabụ nanoindentation nwere ike ịnye mgbanwe ike siri ike dị elu site na iji otu usoro ahụ.
Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na nke mbụ nyocha zuru oke nke nguzogide iyi na njirimara esemokwu nke igwe anaghị agba nchara carbon martensitic ọhụrụ ejiri ELR gwọọ ya.N'iburu n'uche nnwere onwe imewe geometric nke AM yana ohere nke ibelata usoro nchigharị na AM, nyocha a nwere ike imeghe ụzọ maka imepụta ihe ọhụrụ a yana iji ya na ngwaọrụ ndị metụtara iyi site na ogwe aka ruo n'ụdị injection plastik nwere ọwa jụrụ oyi.
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