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N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, e mepụtara usoro maka ikpebi n'otu oge nke phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, cyanides, anionic surfactants na amonia nitrogen na mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-eji ihe nyocha na-agbapụta.A na-ekpochapụ ihe nlele mbụ na 145 Celsius.phenol dị na distillate na-emeghachi omume na isi ferricyanide na 4-aminoantipyrine iji mepụta mgbagwoju uhie, nke a na-atụ na agba na 505 nm.Cyanide dị na distillate na-emeghachi omume na chloramine T iji mepụta cyanochloride, nke meziri mgbagwoju anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na pyridinecarboxylic acid, nke a na-atụ na agba na 630 nm.Anionic surfactants na-emeghachi omume na methylene blue blue ka ọ bụrụ ngwakọta nke a na-amịpụta na chloroform ma saa ya na methylene acidic blue iji wepụ ihe ndị na-etinye aka.A na-ekpebi ogige ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na chloroform na agba na 660 nm.Na mpaghara alkaline nke nwere ebili mmiri nke 660 nm, amonia na-emeghachi omume na salicylate na chlorine na dichloroisocyanuric acid iji mepụta indophenol blue na 37 Celsius.N'ihe nchịkọta nke phenols na cyanides na-agbanwe agbanwe na 2-100 µg/l, ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ dị iche iche bụ 0.75-6.10% na 0.36-5.41%, n'otu n'otu, na ọnụego mgbake bụ 96.2-103.6% na 96.0-102. .%Ọnụọgụ njikọ linear ≥ 0.9999, oke nchọpụta 1.2 µg/L na 0.9 µg/L.Ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ agbakwunyere bụ 0.27–4.86% na 0.33–5.39%, na mgbake bụ 93.7–107.0% na 94.4–101.7%.N'ebe ịta ahụhụ nke anionic surfactants na amonia nitrogen 10 ~ 1000 μg / l.Ọnụọgụ njikọ linear bụ 0.9995 na 0.9999, oke nchọpụta bụ 10.7 µg/l na 7.3 μg/l, n'otu n'otu.Enweghị ọdịiche dị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ tụnyere usoro ọkọlọtọ mba.Usoro a na-echekwa oge na mgbalị, nwere njedebe nchọpụta dị ala, ịdị elu dị elu na izi ezi, obere mmetọ, ọ dịkwa mma maka nyocha na mkpebi nke nnukwu ihe nlele.
phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, cyanides, anionic surfactants na ammonium nitrogen1 bụ akara nke organoleptic, anụ ahụ na ihe metalloid dị na mmiri ọñụñụ.Ogige phenolic bụ ihe mgbochi kemịkalụ dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ngwa, mana phenol na homologues ya bụkwa ihe na-egbu egbu ma sie ike biodegrade.A na-ebupụ ha n'ọtụtụ usoro mmepụta ihe ma bụrụkwa ndị na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi2,3.Enwere ike itinye ihe phenolic na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu n'ime ahụ site na akpụkpọ ahụ na akụkụ iku ume.Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-efunahụ nsị ha n'oge usoro nsị mgbe ha banyere n'ime ahụ mmadụ, wee pụta na mmamịrị.Otú ọ dị, mgbe a gafeworo ikike nke detoxification nkịtị nke anụ ahụ, ihe ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè nwere ike ịgbakọta n'ime akụkụ ahụ na anụ ahụ dị iche iche, na-eduga na nsị na-adịghị ala ala, isi ọwụwa, ọkụ ọkụ, itching anụ ahụ, nchekasị uche, anaemia, na mgbaàmà dị iche iche nke akwara ozi 4, 5, 6,7.Cyanide na-emerụ ahụ nke ukwuu, mana ebe niile na okike.Ọtụtụ ihe oriri na osisi nwere cyanide, nke nwere ike ịmepụta site na ụfọdụ nje bacteria, fungi ma ọ bụ algae8,9.Na ngwaahịa nchacha dị ka shampoos na ịsacha ahụ, a na-ejikarị anion surfactants na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha n'ihi na ha na-enye ngwaahịa ndị a nchacha mma na ụfụfụ nke ndị na-azụ ahịa na-achọ.Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ surfactants nwere ike kpasuo anụ ahụ iwe10,11.Mmiri ọṅụṅụ, mmiri ala, mmiri elu na mmiri mkpofu nwere nitrogen n'ụdị amonia n'efu (NH3) na ammonium salts (NH4+), nke a maara dị ka ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N).Ngwaahịa ndị na-emebi emebi nke ihe ndị nwere nitrogen n'ime mmiri mkpofu ụlọ site na microorganisms na-esite na mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka coking na amonia sịntetik, bụ akụkụ nke nitrogen amoniacal na mmiri12,13,14.Ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere spectrophotometry15,16,17, chromatography18,19,20,21 na ịgba ọsọ injection15,22,23,24 ka enwere ike iji tụọ mmetọ anọ a na mmiri.E jiri ya tụnyere ụzọ ndị ọzọ, spectrophotometry kacha ewu ewu1.Ọmụmụ ihe a jiri modul chanel anọ wee nyochaa n'otu oge phenols, cyanides, anionic surfactants, na sulfides.
Ejiri ihe nyocha AA500 na-aga n'ihu (SEAL, Germany), nguzo eletrọnịkị SL252 (Shanghai Mingqiao Electronic Instrument Factory, China), na Milli-Q ultrapure watermeter (Merck Millipore, USA).Kemịkalụ niile ejiri rụọ ọrụ a nwere ọkwa nyocha, a na-ejikwa mmiri deionized na nnwale niile.A zụrụ hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, chloroform, ethanol, sodium tetraborate, isonicotinic acid na 4-aminoantipyrine n'aka Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).A zụtara Triton X-100, sodium hydroxide na potassium chloride na Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (China).Potassium ferricyanide, sodium nitroprusside, sodium salicylate na N, N-dimethylformamide bụ Tianjin Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China) nyere.Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, pyrazolone na methylene blue trihydrate zụtara na Tianjin Kemiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (China).A zụtara Trisodium citrate dihydrate, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether na sodium dichloroisocyanurate sitere na Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (China).A zụtara ihe ngwọta ọkọlọtọ nke phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, cyanides, anionic surfactants, na amonia nitrogen nke mmiri mmiri n'ime ụlọ ọrụ China Institute of Metrology.
Distillation Reagent: Tinye 160 ml nke phosphoric acid na 1000 ml na mmiri deionized.Nchekwa nchekwa: tụọ 9 g nke boric acid, 5 g nke sodium hydroxide na 10 g nke potassium chloride na itughari ka 1000 ml na deionized mmiri.Absorption Reagent (emegharịrị kwa izu): tụọ nke ọma 200 ml ihe nchekwa ngwaahịa, gbakwunye 1 ml 50% Triton X-100 (v/v, Triton X-100/ethanol) wee jiri mgbe nzachachara site na akpụkpọ ahụ nzacha 0.45 µm.Potassium ferricyanide (emegharịrị kwa izu): tụọ 0.15 g nke potassium ferricyanide wee gbarie ya na 200 ml nke nchekwa nchekwa, gbakwunye 1 ml nke 50% Triton X-100, na-enyocha site na akpụkpọ anụ nzacha 0.45 µm tupu ejiri ya.4-Aminoantipyrine (emeghari ohuru kwa izu): tụọ 0.2 g nke 4-aminoantipyrine wee gbarie na 200 ml nke ihe nchekwa ngwaahịa, tinye 1 ml nke 50% Triton X-100, na-enyocha site na akpụkpọ anụ 0.45 µm.
Reagent maka distillation: phenol na-agbanwe agbanwe.Ngwọta nchekwa: Tulee 3 g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 15 g disodium hydrogen phosphate na 3 g trisodium citrate dihydrate wee tụgharịa na 1000 ml na mmiri deionized.Mgbe ahụ tinye 2 ml nke 50% Triton X-100.Chloramine T: tụọ 0.2 g nke chloramine T wee gbanye 200 ml na mmiri deionized.Chromogenic reagent: Chromogenic reagent A: gbarie kpamkpam 1.5 g nke pyrazolone na 20 ml nke N, N-dimethylformamide.Onye nrụpụta B: Gbarie 3.5 g nke hisonicotinic acid na 6 ml nke 5 M NaOH na 100 ml nke mmiri deionized.Gwakọta Onye Mmepụta A na Onye Mmepụta B tupu ejiri ya, dozie pH ka ọ bụrụ 7.0 site na iji ngwọta NaOH ma ọ bụ ngwọta HCl, wee gbanye na 200 ml na mmiri deionized na nzacha maka ojiji emechaa.
Ngwọta nchekwa: gbarie 10 g sodium tetraborate na 2 g sodium hydroxide n'ime mmiri deionized wee tụgharịa ruo 1000 ml.0.025% methylene ngwọta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ: gbazee 0.05 g nke methylene blue trihydrate na mmiri deionized ma mee ka 200 ml.Methylene blue stock buffer (emegharịrị kwa ụbọchị): gbanye 20 ml nke 0.025% methylene acha anụnụ anụnụ na 100 ml na ihe nchekwa ngwaahịa.Nyefee na oghere nkewa, sachaa na 20 ml nke chloroform, tụfuo chloroform eji eme ihe wee saa ya na chloroform ọhụrụ ruo mgbe agba uhie nke oyi akwa chloroform ga-apụ n'anya (na-abụkarị ugboro 3), wee yochaa.Methylene Blue Basic: Dite 60 ml methylene blue stock solution na ngwọta ngwaahịa 200 ml, tinye ethanol 20 ml, gwakọta nke ọma na degas.Acid methylene blue: Tinye 2 ml nke 0.025% methylene blue solution na ihe dịka 150 ml nke mmiri deionized, tinye 1.0 ml nke 1% H2SO4 wee gbanye na 200 ml na mmiri deionized.Mgbe ahụ tinye 80 ml nke ethanol, gwakọta nke ọma na degas.
20% polyoxyethylene lauryl ether ngwọta: tụọ 20 g nke polyoxyethylene lauryl ether na itughari ka 1000 ml na deionized mmiri.Ihe nchekwa: tụọ 20 g nke trisodium citrate, gbanye na 500 ml na mmiri deionized ma tinye 1.0 ml nke 20% polyoxyethylene lauryl ether.Sodium salicylate ngwọta (emegharịrị ọhụrụ kwa izu): tụọ 20 g nke sodium salicylate na 0,5 g nke potassium ferricyanide nitrite na igbari na 500 ml nke deionized mmiri.Sodium dichloroisocyanurate ngwọta (a na-eme ọhụrụ kwa izu): tụọ 10 g sodium hydroxide na 1.5 g nke sodium dichloroisocyanurate na igbari ha na 500 ml nke deionized mmiri.
Ụkpụrụ phenol na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na cyanide kwadoro dị ka ngwọta nke 0 µg/l, 2 μg/l, 5 µg/l, 10 µg/l, 25 µg/l, 50 µg/l, 75 µg/l na 100 µg/l, na-eji. 0.01 M sodium hydroxide ngwọta.A na-eji mmiri deionized 0 µg/L, 10 μg/L, 50 µg/L, 100 µg/L, 250 µg/L, 500 µg/L, 500 µg/L, 750 µg/L na 1000 mc. .ngwọta.
Malite tankị okirikiri jụrụ oyi, mgbe ahụ (iji) gbanye kọmputa, sampler na ike na onye ọbịa AA500, lelee na ejikọrọ ọkpọkọ nke ọma, tinye eriri ikuku n'ime valvụ ikuku, mechie efere nrụgide nke mgbapụta peristaltic, tinye ọkpọkọ reagent n'ime mmiri dị ọcha n'etiti.Gbaa ngwanro a, rụọ ọrụ windo ọwa kwekọrọ wee lelee ma ọ bụrụ na ejikọtara ọkpọkọ njikọ ahụ yana ọ bụrụ na enwere oghere ma ọ bụ ntapu ikuku.Ọ bụrụ na enweghị ntapu, chọọ reagent kwesịrị ekwesị.Mgbe ntọala nke windo ọwa ahụ kwụsiri ike, họrọ ma mee faịlụ usoro akọwapụtara maka nchọpụta na nyocha.Egosiri ọnọdụ akụrụngwa na Tebụl 1.
N'ime usoro a na-akpaghị aka maka ikpebi phenol na cyanide, a na-ebu ụzọ kpoo ihe nlele na 145 Celsius.phenol dị na distillate na-emeghachi omume na isi ferricyanide na 4-aminoantipyrine iji mepụta mgbagwoju uhie, nke a na-atụ na agba na 505 nm.Cyanide dị na distillate na-emeghachi omume na chloramine T iji mepụta cyanochloride, nke na-eme mgbagwoju anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na pyridinecarboxylic acid, nke a na-atụ na agba na 630 nm.Anionic surfactants na-emeghachi omume na isi methylene blue na-etolite ogige nke ewepụtara na chloroform ma kewapụ ya site na nkewa nkewa.A na-asazi usoro chloroform ahụ na acid methylene blue iji wepụ ihe ndị na-emetụta ya wee kewaa ọzọ na nkewa nke abụọ.Mkpebi Colorimetric nke ogige anụnụ anụnụ na chloroform na 660 nm.Dabere na mmeghachi omume Berthelot, amonia na-emeghachi omume na salicylate na chlorine na dichloroisocyanuric acid na etiti alkaline na 37 Celsius iji mepụta indophenol blue.A na-eji sodium nitroprusside mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmeghachi omume ahụ pụta, na agba nke si na ya pụta bụ 660 nm.E gosipụtara ụkpụrụ nke usoro a na foto 1.
Eserese eserese nke usoro nlele na-aga n'ihu maka mkpebi nke phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, cyanides, anionic surfactants na nitrogen amoniacal.
Nleba nke phenols na cyanides na-agbanwe agbanwe sitere na 2 ruo 100 μg/l, ọnụọgụ njikọ linear 1.000, regression equation y = (3.888331E + 005) x + (9.938599E + 003).Nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta maka cyanide bụ 1.000 na nhaghachi azụ bụ y = (3.551656E + 005) x + (9.951319E + 003).Anionic surfactant nwere ezigbo ndabere ahịrị dabere na ntinye nke nitrogen amonia na oke 10-1000 µg/L.Ọnụọgụ mmekọrịta maka anionic surfactants na amonia nitrogen bụ 0.9995 na 0.9999, n'otu n'otu.Ntughari ngbanwe: y = (2.181170E + 004) x + (1.144847E + 004) na y = (2.375085E + 004) x + (9.631056E + 003), n'otu n'otu.A na-atụle ihe nlele njikwa na-aga n'ihu ugboro 11, na njedebe nke nchọpụta nke usoro ahụ kewara site na 3 ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ nke ihe nlele njikwa kwa mkpọda nke ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ.Oke nchọpụta maka phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, cyanides, anionic surfactants, na amonia nitrogen bụ 1.2 µg/l, 0.9 µg/l, 10.7 µg/l, na 7.3 μg/l, n'otu n'otu.Oke nchọpụta dị ala karịa usoro ọkọlọtọ mba, lee Tebụl 2 maka nkọwa.
Tinye ihe ngwọta dị elu, ọkara na nke dị ala na nlele mmiri na-enweghị nchịkọta nyocha.A gbakọrọ mgbake na n'ime ụbọchị na etiti ehihie na nha nha asaa n'usoro.Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 3, intraday na intraday volatile phenol extractions bụ 98.0-103.6% na 96.2-102.0%, n'otu n'otu, na ikwu ụkpụrụ nke 0.75-2.80% na 1. 27-6.10%.Intraday na interday cyanide mgbake bụ 101.0-102.0% na 96.0-102.4%, n'otu n'otu, na ndị ikwu ụkpụrụ bụ 0.36-2.26% na 2.36-5.41%, n'otu n'otu.Na mgbakwunye, mwepụta intraday na interday nke anionic surfactants bụ 94.3-107.0% na 93.7-101.6%, n'otu n'otu, yana ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ nke 0.27-0.96% na 4.44-4.86%.N'ikpeazụ, intra- na nke etiti ụbọchị amonia nitrogen mgbake bụ 98.0-101.7% na 94.4-97.8%, n'otu n'otu, na ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ nke 0.33-3.13% na 4.45-5.39%, n'otu n'otu.dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl nke 3.
Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ụzọ nnwale, gụnyere spectrophotometry15,16,17 na chromatography25,26, iji tụọ mmetọ anọ na mmiri.Chemical spectrophotometry bụ usoro nyocha ọhụrụ maka ịchọpụta mmetọ ndị a, nke achọrọ site na ụkpụrụ mba 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. Ọ na-achọ usoro dị ka distillation na mmịpụta, na-ebute usoro ogologo na enweghị uche zuru oke na izi ezi.Ọ dị mma, izi ezi adịghị mma.Iji kemịkal organic eme ihe n'ebe nile nwere ike ibute ndị na-eme nnwale ahụ ihe egwu.Ọ bụ ezie na chromatography dị ngwa ngwa, dị mfe, rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, ma nwee oke nchọpụta dị ala, ọ nweghị ike ịchọpụta ogige anọ n'otu oge.Agbanyeghị, a na-eji ọnọdụ ike na-enweghị nha nha na nyocha kemịkalụ site na iji spectrophotometry na-aga n'ihu, nke dabere na ikuku gas na-aga n'ihu na etiti oge nke ihe nlele, na-agbakwunye reagents na oke na usoro kwesịrị ekwesị mgbe ị na-emecha mmeghachi omume site na akaghị agwakọta. na ịchọpụta ya na spectrophotometer, na-ewepụ mbufụt ikuku.N'ihi na usoro nchọpụta ahụ bụ akpaaka, a na-ekpochapụ ma na-eweghachi ihe nlele n'ịntanetị na ebe mechiri emechi.Usoro a na-eme ka arụmọrụ ọrụ dịkwuo mma, na-ebelata oge nchọpụta, na-eme ka ọrụ dị mfe, na-ebelata mmetọ reagent, na-abawanye ikike uche na njedebe nke usoro ahụ.
Agụnyere anionic surfactant na amonia nitrogen n'ime ngwaahịa nnwale ejikọtara na ntinye nke 250 µg/L.Jiri ihe eji eme ihe iji gbanwee phenol na cyanide na-agbanwe agbanwe na ihe nnwale na ntinye nke 10 µg/L.Maka nyocha na nchọpụta, a na-eji usoro ọkọlọtọ mba na usoro a (6 nnwale ndị yiri ya).Atụnyere nsonaazụ nke ụzọ abụọ ahụ site na iji t-ule nọọrọ onwe ya.Dị ka e gosiri na Tebụl 4, ọ dịghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụzọ abụọ ahụ (P> 0.05).
Ọmụmụ ihe a na-eji ihe nyocha na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu maka nyocha n'otu oge na nchọpụta nke phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, cyanides, anionic surfactants na amonia nitrogen.Nsonaazụ ule na-egosi na olu nlele nke onye na-enyocha mmiri na-aga n'ihu na-eji dị ala karịa usoro ọkọlọtọ mba.Ọ nwekwara oke nchoputa dị ala, na-eji reagents 80% pere mpe, na-achọ obere oge nhazi maka nlele nke onye ọ bụla, ma na-eji chloroform carcinogenic dị obere.A na-ejikọta nhazi na ntanetị na akpaaka.Na-aga n'ihu eruba na-akpaghị aka aspirates reagents na samples, wee mixs site Ịgwakọta sekit, na-akpaghị aka heats, extracts na gua na colorimetry.A na-eme usoro nnwale ahụ na usoro mechiri emechi, nke na-eme ka oge nyocha dị ngwa, na-ebelata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-enyere aka hụ na nchekwa nke ndị nyocha.Usoro ọrụ gbagwojuru anya dị ka mgbasa akwụkwọ ntuziaka na mmịpụta adịghị mkpa22,32.Otú ọ dị, ọkpọkọ ngwá ọrụ na ngwa ngwa dị mgbagwoju anya, na nsonaazụ ule na-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe ndị nwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ kwụsị ngwa ngwa.Enwere ọtụtụ usoro dị mkpa ị ga-eme iji kwalite izi ezi nke nsonaazụ gị wee gbochie ndabichi na nnwale gị.(1) Ekwesịrị iburu n'uche uru pH nke ngwọta mgbe ị na-achọpụta phenols na cyanide na-agbanwe agbanwe.pH ga-adịrịrị ihe dịka 2 tupu ọ abanye n'oku distillation.Na pH> 3, amines aromatic nwekwara ike ịgbanyụ, na mmeghachi omume na 4-aminoantipyrine nwere ike inye njehie.Ọzọkwa na pH> 2.5, mgbake nke K3[Fe (CN) 6] ga-erughị 90%.Nlereanya nwere ọdịnaya nnu karịa 10 g / l nwere ike mechie eriri distillation wee kpatara nsogbu.N'okwu a, ekwesịrị ịgbakwunye mmiri dị ọhụrụ iji belata ọdịnaya nnu nke sample33.(2) Ihe ndị na-esonụ nwere ike imetụta njirimara nke anionic surfactants: cationic chemicals nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ ion siri ike na anionic surfactants.Nsonaazụ nwekwara ike bụrụ nke na-adịghị mma na ọnụnọ nke: oke humic acid karịrị 20 mg / l;ogige ndị nwere ọrụ elu dị elu (dịka ọmụmaatụ surfactants ndị ọzọ)> 50 mg / l;ihe nwere ike ibelata ike (SO32-, S2O32- na OCl-);ihe ndị na-etolite ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị nwere agba, soluble na chloroform na reagent ọ bụla;ụfọdụ anions inorganic (chloride, bromide na nitrate) na mmiri mkpofu34,35.(3) Mgbe ị na-agbakọ amonia nitrogen, ekwesịrị iburu n'uche amines dị arọ molecular dị ala, ebe ọ bụ na mmeghachi omume ha na amonia yiri ya, nsonaazụ ga-adị elu.Ntinye aka nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na pH nke ngwakọta mmeghachi omume dị n'okpuru 12.6 mgbe agbakwunyere ngwọta reagent niile.Ihe atụ dị oke acidic na buffered na-ebute nke a.ion metal nke na-ebuli dị ka hydroxides na nnukwu mkpokọta nwere ike iduga na-adịghị mma reproducibility36,37.
Nsonaazụ gosiri na usoro nyocha nke na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu maka mkpebi n'otu oge nke phenols na-agbanwe agbanwe, cyanides, anionic surfactants na amonia nitrogen na mmiri ọṅụṅụ nwere ezigbo linearity, obere nchọpụta njedebe, ezi ziri ezi na mgbake.Enweghị nnukwu ọdịiche dị na usoro ọkọlọtọ mba.Usoro a na-enye ngwa ngwa, dị nro, nke ziri ezi na nke dị mfe iji mee ihe maka nyocha na mkpebi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mmiri mmiri.Ọ dị mma karịsịa maka ịchọpụta ihe anọ n'otu oge, na nchọpụta nchọpụta na-emewanyewanye nke ọma.
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Oge nzipu: Feb-22-2023