304L 6.35 * 1mm igwe anaghị agba nchara na-ebubata tubing, Ngosipụta nke ọkụ lithium siri ike maka imepụta neutrons ozugbo.

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Dị ka ihe ọzọ na ọmụmụ nke nuclear reactors, kọmpat accelerator-chụpụrụ neutron generator na-eji lithium-ion ọkwọ ụgbọ ala nwere ike ịbụ onye na-ekwe nkwa n'ihi na ọ na-emepụta obere radieshon achọghị.Agbanyeghị, ọ siri ike ịnye ion lithium siri ike, a na-ewerekwa na ngwa ngwa nke ngwaọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ agaghị ekwe omume.A doziri nsogbu kachasị njọ nke ion erughi oke site n'itinye atụmatụ ntinye plasma ozugbo.N'ime atụmatụ a, a na-agbanye plasma njupụta dị elu nke na-emepụta site na ablation laser nke foil metal lithium nke ọma ma mee ka ọ dị elu site na ngwa ngwa quadrupole dị elu (RFQ accelerator).Anyị enwetala ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke 35 mA gbagoro ruo 1.43 MeV, nke bụ iwu abụọ dị elu karịa usoro injector na ngwa ngwa nwere ike inye.
N'adịghị ka X-ray ma ọ bụ ihe ebubo ebubo, neutrons nwere nnukwu penetration omimi na mmekọrịta pụrụ iche na condensed okwu, na-eme ka ha dị nnọọ vasatail nyocha maka na-amụ Njirimara nke ihe1,2,3,4,5,6,7.Karịsịa, a na-ejikarị usoro mgbasa ozi neutron eme ihe iji mụọ ihe mejupụtara, nhazi, na nrụgide dị n'ime n'ime ihe mgbagwoju anya ma nwee ike inye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ogige ndị dị na metal alloys nke siri ike ịchọta site na iji X-ray spectroscopy8.A na-ewere usoro a dị ka ngwá ọrụ dị ike na sayensị bụ isi ma ndị na-emepụta ígwè na ihe ndị ọzọ na-eji ya eme ihe.N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eji neutron diffraction chọpụta nrụgide ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ka ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ụgbọ elu9,10,11,12.A na-ejikwa Neutron na olulu mmanụ na gas n'ihi na ihe ndị nwere proton bara ụba na-ejide ya ngwa ngwa13.A na-ejikwa usoro ndị yiri ya na injinia obodo.Nnwale neutron na-adịghị emebi emebi bụ ngwa dị irè maka ịchọpụta mmejọ zoro ezo n'ime ụlọ, ọwara mmiri na àkwà mmiri.A na-eji ọkụ neutron eme ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nyocha sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka emepụtara site na iji ihe nrụpụta nuklia.
Otú ọ dị, site na nkwenye zuru ụwa ọnụ na nuklia adịghị agbasawanye, ịmepụta obere reactors maka ebumnuche nyocha na-esiwanye ike.Ọzọkwa, ihe mberede Fukushima mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka ndị mmadụ na-anakwere iwu ihe nrụpụta nuklia ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọha mmadụ.N'ihe metụtara omume a, ọchịchọ nke neutron isi mmalite na accelerators na-eto eto2.Dị ka ihe ọzọ na nuklia reactors, ọtụtụ nnukwu accelerator-ekewa neutron isi mmalite na-arụ ọrụ14,15.Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na a ọzọ oru oma ojiji nke Njirimara nke neutron ibé, ọ dị mkpa ịgbasa ojiji nke kọmpat isi mmalite na accelerators, 16 nke nwere ike ịbụ nke ulo oru nyocha na mahadum.Isi mmalite neutron accelerator agbakwunyela ikike na ọrụ ọhụrụ na mgbakwunye na ije ozi dị ka onye nnọchi maka reactors nuklia14.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-emepụta linac na-ebugharị nwere ike ịmepụta iyi nke neutrons n'ụzọ dị mfe site n'ịgbanwe ọkụ draịva.Ozugbo ewepụtara ya, neutron na-esi ike ịchịkwa yana nha radieshon na-esiri ike nyocha n'ihi mkpọtụ neutron dị n'okirikiri mepụtara.Neutron a na-adọkpụ nke ihe osooso na-achịkwa na-ezere nsogbu a.Atụpụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ dabere na teknụzụ proton accelerator gburugburu ụwa17,18,19.A na-ejikarị mmeghachi omume 7Li(p, n)7Be na 9Be(p,n)9B eme ihe na kọmpat neutron na-emepụta proton n'ihi na ha bụ mmeghachi omume endothermic20.Enwere ike ibelata oke radieshon na ihe mkpofu redioaktivu ma ọ bụrụ na ike ahọpụtara iji kpalie proton beam dị ntakịrị karịa uru ọnụ ụzọ.Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oghere e lekwasịrị anya dị nnọọ ukwuu karịa nke protons, na neutron na-akpata na-agbasasị n'akụkụ niile.Nso nso nso a na ikuku neutron dị nso na-egbochi mbufe neutron nke ọma n'ihe a na-amụ.Tụkwasị na nke a, iji nweta dose nke neutrons achọrọ na ebe ihe ahụ dị, ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ protons na-agagharị agagharị na ike ha dịkwuo elu.N'ihi ya, nnukwu doses nke gamma ụzarị na neutron ga-agbasa site na nnukwu akụkụ, na-ebibi uru nke mmeghachi omume endothermic.Ihe na-eme ngwangwa kọmpat proton dabeere neutron generator nwere ihe nchebe radieshon siri ike ma bụrụ akụkụ kachasị ukwuu na sistemụ.Mkpa ịbawanye ume nke protons ịnya ụgbọ ala na-achọkarị mmụba ọzọ na nha nke ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa.
Iji merie mmejọ izugbe nke isi mmalite neutron kọmpat na accelerators, a tụpụtara atụmatụ mmeghachi omume inversion-kinematic21.N'ime atụmatụ a, a na-eji ọkụ lithium-ion dị arọ karị dị ka ihe ntuzi aka kama ịbụ proton beam, na-ezubere ihe ndị nwere hydrogen dị ka hydrocarbon plastics, hydrides, hydrogen gas, ma ọ bụ hydrogen plasma.A tụlere ihe ndị ọzọ, dị ka beryllium ion na-ebugharị, agbanyeghị, beryllium bụ ihe na-egbu egbu na-achọ nlekọta pụrụ iche na njikwa.Ya mere, ọkụ lithium kachasị mma maka atụmatụ mmeghachi omume inversion-kinematic.Ebe ọ bụ na ike nke lithium nuclei dị ukwuu karịa nke protons, etiti nke oke ọgụ nuklia na-aga n'ihu mgbe niile, neutron na-apụtakwa n'ihu.Njirimara a na-ewepụ nke ukwuu ụzarị gamma na-achọghị yana ikuku neutron dị elu22.Ntụle nke ihe a na-emebu nke injin proton yana ndapụta ihe dị iche na kinematics ka egosiri na eserese 1.
Ihe atụ nke akụkụ mmepụta neutron maka proton na lithium beams (e sere ya na Adobe Illustrator CS5, 15.1.0, https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html).(a) Enwere ike ịchụpụ Neutrons n'akụkụ ọ bụla n'ihi mmeghachi omume ahụ n'ihi na protons na-akpụ akpụ na-akụtu atom dị arọ nke ebumnuche lithium.(b) N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala lithium-ion na-atụ bọmbụ hydrogen, a na-emepụta neutrons n'ime cone dị warara na-aga n'ihu n'ihi nnukwu ọsọ nke etiti etiti usoro ahụ.
Agbanyeghị, ọ bụ naanị ndị na-emepụta neutron kinematic ole na ole dị n'ihi na ọ na-esiri ike iwepụta ion dị arọ nke chọrọ ka ọ dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere protons.Osisi ndị a niile na-eji isi mmalite ion sputter na-adịghị mma jikọtara ya na igwe ọkụ eletrik tandem.Atụpụtala ụdị isi mmalite ion ndị ọzọ iji bulie arụmọrụ nke ngwa ngwa beam26.N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ikuku lithium-ion dị ugbu a bụ naanị 100 µA.A na-atụ aro ka iji 1 mA nke Li3 + 27, mana usoro a ekwenyebeghị ugbu a ion beam current.N'ihe gbasara ike, ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa lithium beam enweghị ike ịsọ mpi na proton beam accelerators nke oke proton ugbu a karịrị 10 mA28.
Iji mejuputa onye na-emepụta neutron kọmpat bara uru dabere na lithium-ion beam, ọ bara uru ịmepụta ike dị elu kpamkpam na-enweghị ion.A na-eme ngwa ngwa ma na-eduzi ion ndị ahụ site na ike eletriki, na ọkwa ụgwọ dị elu na-arụpụta ngwa ngwa karịa nke ọma.Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala li-ion chọrọ ọdụ mmiri kacha elu nke Li3+ karịa 10mA.
N'ime ọrụ a, anyị na-egosipụta osooso nke li3 + beams na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu ruo 35 mA, nke a na-atụnyere na proton accelerators dị elu.Emepụtara lithium ion beam mbụ site na iji ablation laser yana atụmatụ ntinye Plasma Direct (DPIS) nke ewepụtara iji mee ka C6+ dịkwuo elu.Emebere redio ugboro anọ nke quadrupole linac (RFQ linac) site na iji usoro resonant nwere mkpanaka anọ.Anyị enyochala na ọkụ na-eme ngwa ngwa nwere ike ọkụ dị ọcha gbakọọ.Ozugbo a na-ejide Li3+ beam nke ọma ma na-emewanyewanye ya site na ngwa ngwa redio (RF), a na-eji akụkụ linac (accelerator) na-esote ya iji nye ike dị mkpa iji mepụta neutron siri ike site na ebumnuche.
Mmụba nke ion arụmọrụ dị elu bụ teknụzụ guzosiri ike nke ọma.Ọrụ fọdụrụ n'ịghọta onye na-emepụta neutron kọmpat ọhụrụ nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma bụ imepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ion lithium a na-ewepụ kpamkpam ma guzobe usoro ụyọkọ nke nwere usoro ion pulses mekọrịtara na okirikiri RF na ngwa ngwa.A kọwapụtara nsonaazụ nnwale ndị e mere iji nweta ebumnuche a na mpaghara atọ ndị a: (1) ọgbọ nke enweghị lithium-ion beam kpamkpam, (2) ngwangwa beam site na iji linac RFQ a haziri nke ọma, na (3) osooso nyocha. nke beam iji lelee ọdịnaya ya.Na Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), anyị wuru nhazi nnwale egosiri na eserese 2.
Ntụle nke nhazi nnwale maka nyocha ngwa ngwa nke beam lithium (nke Inkscape gosipụtara, 1.0.2, https://inkscape.org/).Site n'aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe, a na-emepụta plasma laser-ablative n'ime ọnụ ụlọ mmekọrịta laser-ezubere ma nyefee ya na RFQ linac.Mgbe ịbanye na ngwa ngwa RFQ, a na-ekewa ion ndị ahụ na plasma ma tinye ya n'ime ihe ọkụ ọkụ RFQ site na ọkụ eletrik mberede nke 52 kV voltaji dị iche n'etiti electrode mmịpụta na RFQ electrode na mpaghara drift.A na-emeziwanye ion ndị ewepụtara site na 22 keV/n ruo 204 keV/n na-eji eletrọd RFQ dị ogologo mita abụọ.Ihe ntụgharị dị ugbu a (CT) arụnyere na mmepụta nke RFQ linac na-enye nha na-adịghị emebi emebi nke ion beam current.A na-elekwasị anya n'osisi ahụ site na magnets quadrupole atọ wee duzie ya na magnet dipole, nke na-ekewa ma na-eduzi Li3 + beam n'ime onye nchọpụta.N'azụ mgbawa ahụ, a na-eji scintillator rọba na-emegharị emegharị na iko Faraday (FC) nwere nhụsianya ruru -400 V iji chọpụta ọkụ ọkụ na-eme ngwa ngwa.
Iji mepụta ion lithium ionized zuru oke (Li3+), ọ dị mkpa ịmepụta plasma nwere okpomọkụ karịa ike ionization nke atọ (122.4 eV).Anyị gbalịrị iji ablation laser mepụta plasma okpomọkụ dị elu.A naghị ejikarị ụdị ion laser a na-emepụta oghere lithium ion n'ihi na ígwè lithium na-arụ ọrụ ma na-achọ njikwa pụrụ iche.Anyị ewepụtala sistemu ebu n'obi iji belata mmiri na mmetọ ikuku mgbe ị na-etinye foil lithium n'ime ọnụ ụlọ mmekọrịta ikuku.A na-eme nkwadebe niile nke ihe na ebe a na-achịkwa nke argon akọrọ.Mgbe etinyere foil lithium n'ime ụlọ ebumnuche laser, foil ahụ were pulsed Nd:YAG laser radieshon na ike nke 800 mJ kwa usu.Na elekwasị anya na ebumnuche, a na-eme atụmatụ njupụta ike laser dị ihe dịka 1012 W/cm2.A na-emepụta Plasma mgbe laser pulsed na-ebibi ihe mgbaru ọsọ na oghere.N'oge dum 6 ns laser pulse, plasma na-aga n'ihu na-ekpo ọkụ, tumadi n'ihi usoro ntụgharị bremsstrahlung.Ebe ọ bụ na a naghị etinye oghere dịpụrụ adịpụ n'oge oge ọkụ, plasma na-amalite ịgbasa n'akụkụ atọ.Mgbe plasma na-amalite ịgbasa n'elu ebumnuche, etiti oke nke plasma na-enweta ike dị 600 eV/n.Mgbe kpochara, plasma na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na axial direction site na ebumnuche, gbasaa isotropically.
Dị ka egosiri na eserese 2, plasma ablation na-agbasawanye n'ime oghere oghere nke akpa igwe gbara ya gburugburu nwere otu ikike dị ka ebumnuche.Ya mere, plasma na-agafe na mpaghara na-enweghị ubi gaa na ngwa ngwa RFQ.A na-etinye oghere magnetik axial n'etiti ọnụ ụlọ irradiation laser na linac RFQ site na ọnya eriri solenoid gburugburu ọnụ ụlọ oghere.Igwe ndọta nke solenoid na-egbochi mgbasawanye radial nke plasma na-ebugharị iji nọgide na-enwe njupụta plasma dị elu n'oge nnyefe na oghere RFQ.N'aka nke ọzọ, plasma na-aga n'ihu na-amụba na ntụziaka axial n'oge a na-ebugharị, na-eme plasma elongated.A na-etinye ihe nhụsianya dị elu na arịa igwe nwere plasma n'ihu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọpụpụ na ntinye RFQ.Ahọpụtara voltaji elegara anya iji nye ọnụego injection 7Li3+ achọrọ maka ngwangwa kwesịrị ekwesị site na RFQ linac.
Plasma ablation nke si na ya pụta nwere ọ bụghị naanị 7Li3+, kamakwa lithium na steeti ụgwọ ndị ọzọ yana ihe mmetọ, nke a na-ebuga n'otu oge gaa na ngwa ngwa linear RFQ.Tupu emee nnwale ngwa ngwa site na iji RFQ linac, a na-eme nyocha oge ụgbọ elu na-anọghị n'ịntanetị (TOF) iji mụọ nhazi na ikesa ion na plasma.A na-akọwa nhazi nyocha zuru ezu na nkesa ọkwa ụgwọ na mpaghara ụzọ.Nyocha ahụ gosipụtara na 7Li3 + ion bụ isi ihe dị mkpa, na-aza ihe dị ka 54% nke ihe niile, dị ka e gosiri na Fig. 3. Dị ka nyocha ahụ, 7Li3 + ion ugbu a na ion beam ion na-eme atụmatụ na 1.87 mA.N'oge ule ngwa ngwa, a na-etinye mpaghara solenoid 79 mT na plasma na-agbasawanye.N'ihi ya, 7Li3+ dị ugbu a ewepụtara na plasma ma hụ na onye na-achọpụta ihe mụbara site na 30.
Iberibe nke ion na plasma na-emepụta laser nwetara site na nyocha oge nke ụgbọ elu.7Li1+ na 7Li2+ ion mejupụtara 5% na 25% nke ion beam, n'otu n'otu.Iberibe irighiri ihe 6Li achọpụtara na-ekwenye na ọdịnaya ebumpụta ụwa nke 6Li (7.6%) na ebumnuche lithium foil n'ime njehie nnwale ahụ.Ahụrụ ntakịrị ikuku oxygen (6.2%), ọkachasị O1+ (2.1%) na O2+ (1.5%), nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oxidation nke elu nke ebumnuche lithium foil.
Dịka ekwuru na mbụ, plasma lithium na-efegharị na mpaghara enweghị ubi tupu ịbanye linac RFQ.Ntinye nke linac RFQ nwere oghere dayameta 6 mm n'ime akpa igwe, na voltaji ele anya bụ 52 kV.Ọ bụ ezie na voltaji RFQ electrode na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa ± 29 kV na 100 MHz, voltaji na-eme ka axial acceleration n'ihi na RFQ accelerator electrodes nwere nkezi ikike nke efu.N'ihi ọkụ eletrik siri ike na-emepụta na oghere 10 mm n'etiti oghere na nsọtụ nke electrode RFQ, ọ bụ naanị ions plasma dị mma ka a na-ewepụta na plasma na oghere.Na usoro nnyefe ion ọdịnala, ion na-ekewapụ na plasma site na igwe eletrik n'ebe dị anya n'ihu ihe osooso RFQ wee gbado anya n'ime oghere RFQ site na mmewere na-elekwasị anya.Agbanyeghị, maka oke ion ion siri ike chọrọ maka isi iyi neutron siri ike, ndị agha na-asọ oyi na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ n'ihi mmetụta ụgwọ oghere nwere ike ibute nnukwu mfu ọkụ ugbu a na sistemụ ụgbọ njem ion, na-amachi oke ugbu a enwere ike ịgbatị.Na DPIS anyị, a na-ebuga ion dị elu dị ka plasma na-ebugharị ozugbo gaa na ebe ọpụpụ nke oghere RFQ, yabụ na ọ dịghị mfu nke ion beam n'ihi ụgwọ oghere.N'oge ngosi a, etinyere DPIS na beam lithium-ion maka oge mbụ.
Emebere ihe owuwu RFQ maka ilekwasị anya na ime ngwa ngwa ion ion dị ugbu a dị ala ma bụrụkwa ọkọlọtọ maka ngwa ngwa nke mbụ.Anyị na-eji RFQ mee ngwangwa 7Li3 + ions site na ike ntinye nke 22 keV / n ruo 204 keV / n.Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ewepụtakwa lithium na ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ụgwọ dị ala na plasma site na plasma wee tinye ya n'ime oghere RFQ, linac RFQ na-eme ka ions dịkwuo elu site na nha ụgwọ-na-mass (Q/A) dị nso na 7Li3+.
Na fig.Ọgụgụ 4 na-egosi ụdị ebili mmiri nke onye ngbanwe dị ugbu a (CT) chọtara na mmepụta nke RFQ linac na iko Faraday (FC) mgbe nyochachara magnetik, dị ka egosiri na fig.2. Enwere ike ịkọwa mgbanwe oge n'etiti akara ngosi dị ka ọdịiche dị na oge ụgbọ elu na ebe onye nchọpụta.Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ion ugbu a tụrụ na CT bụ 43 mA.N'ọnọdụ RT, ọkụ nke edebanyere aha nwere ike ịnwe ọ bụghị naanị ion accelerated na ike gbakọọ, kamakwa ion ndị ọzọ karịa 7Li3+, nke na-adịghị emeziwanye nke ọma.Otú ọ dị, myirịta nke ụdị ion dị ugbu a nke a chọtara site na QD na PC na-egosi na ion ugbu a na-agụnye 7Li3+ accelerated, na mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ugbu a na PC na-akpata site na mfu ọkụ n'oge nnyefe ion n'etiti QD na PC.Mfu na-akwadokwa nke a site na ịme anwansị envelopu.Iji tụọ nke ọma 7Li3+ beam current, a na-eji magnet dipole enyocha ọkụ ahụ dịka akọwara na ngalaba na-esote.
Oscillograms nke osisi accelerated nke e dekọrọ n'ọkwa nchoputa CT (oji oji) na FC (usoro uhie).A na-ebute nha ndị a site na nchọpụta nke radieshon laser site na fotodetector n'oge ọgbọ plasma laser.Ọkpụkpụ ojii na-egosi ụdị ebili mmiri a tụrụ na CT ejikọrọ na mmepụta linac RFQ.N'ihi ịdị nso ya na linac RFQ, onye nchọta na-ebuli mkpọtụ 100 MHz RF, yabụ etinyere nzacha FFT dị ala 98 MHz iji wepu akara ngosi RF 100 MHz resonant nke etinyere na akara ngosi.Usoro na-acha uhie uhie na-egosi ụdị ebili mmiri na FC mgbe magnetik nyocha na-eduzi 7Li3+ ion beam.Na mpaghara ndọta a, ewezuga 7Li3+, N6+ na O7+ nwere ike ibuga.
Ion beam mgbe RFQ linac na-elekwasị anya site na usoro nke atọ quadrupole na-elekwasị anya magnet wee nyochaa site na dipole magnet iji kewapụ adịghị ọcha na ion beam.Igwe ndọta nke 0.268 T na-eduga 7Li3+ ọkụ n'ime FC.Nchọpụta ebili mmiri nke oghere ndọta a na-egosi dị ka eriri uhie na eserese 4. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu ugbu a ruru 35 mA, nke karịrị 100 ugboro dị elu karịa ụdị Li3+ na-emepụta na ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa electrostatic dị ugbu a.Obosara usu osisi bụ 2.0µs na obosara zuru oke na ọkara kacha.Nchọpụta nke 7Li3+ beam nwere oghere magnetik dipole na-egosi nhịahụ na-aga nke ọma na mmụgharị ọkụ.Achọpụtara ion ion ugbu a site na FC mgbe ị na-enyocha oghere magnetik nke dipole na Fig. 5. A na-ahụ otu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ọcha dị ọcha, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ.Ebe ọ bụ na ion niile agbagoro na ike imewe site na RFQ linac nwere otu ọsọ, ion beams nwere otu Q/A na-esi ike ikewa site na dipole magnetik.Ya mere, anyị enweghị ike ịmata ọdịiche dị na 7Li3+ na N6+ ma ọ bụ O7+.Agbanyeghị, enwere ike ịkọwa oke adịghị ọcha site na steeti ụgwọ ndị agbata obi.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, N7+ na N5+ nwere ike ikewa ngwa ngwa, ebe N6+ nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke adịghị ọcha ma na-atụ anya na ọ ga-adị n'ihe dịka N7+ na N5+.Ọkwa mmetọ e mere atụmatụ bụ ihe dịka 2%.
Ihe nlere anya akụkụ beam nwetara site na inyocha oghere magnetik dipole.Ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 0.268 T kwekọrọ na 7Li3+ na N6+.Obosara ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na-adabere n'otú osisi ahụ dị na mgbawa.N'agbanyeghị nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, 7Li3+ kewapụrụ nke ọma na 6Li3+, O6+, na N5+, mana nkewa nke ọma na O7+ na N6+.
N'ebe ebe FC dị, a kwadoro profaịlụ beam na scintillator plug-in ma dekọọ ya na igwefoto dijitalụ ngwa ngwa dị ka e gosiri na Figure 6. A na-egosi na 7Li3 + pulsed beam na nke ugbu a nke 35 mA ga-emewanye na RFQ gbakọọ. ike nke 204 keV / n, nke kwekọrọ na 1.4 MeV, ma nyefee ya na onye nchọpụta FC.
Ahụrụ profaịlụ beam na ihuenyo scintillator tupu FC (nke Fiji na-acha, 2.3.0, https://imagej.net/software/fiji/).A na-emegharị oghere magnetik nke magnetik dipole iji duzie ngwangwa nke ion Li3+ na ike imewe RFQ.A na-ebute ntụpọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na mpaghara akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site na ihe scintillator nwere nkwarụ.
Anyị nwetara ọgbọ nke 7Li3 + ion site na laser ablation nke elu nke lithium foil siri ike, na ion dị elu dị ugbu a weghaara ma kwalite ya na linac RFQ a haziri nke ọma site na iji DPIS.Na ike ọkụ nke 1.4 MeV, ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke 7Li3+ ruru na FC mgbe nyochachara magnet bụ 35 mA.Nke a na-akwado na akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke mmejuputa isi iyi neutron nwere kinematics dị iche ka etinyere ya na nnwale.N'akụkụ a nke akwụkwọ akụkọ, a ga-atụle atụmatụ niile nke isi iyi neutron kọmpat, gụnyere ndị na-eme ngwa ngwa ike dị elu na ọdụ neutron lekwasịrị anya.Nhazi ahụ dabere na nsonaazụ enwetara na sistemụ ndị dị na ụlọ nyocha anyị.Ekwesiri iburu n'uche na enwere ike ịbawanye elu ugbu a nke ion beam site na ime ka anya dị n'etiti lithium foil na RFQ linac.Osikapa.7 na-akọwapụta echiche niile nke isi iyi neutron kọmpat a tụrụ aro na ngwa osooso.
Nhazi echiche nke isi iyi neutron kọmpat a tụrụ aro na ngwa ngwa (nke Freecad sere, 0.19, https://www.freecadweb.org/).Site n'aka nri ruo n'aka ekpe: laser ion source, solenoid magnet, RFQ linac, medium energy beam transfer (MEBT), IH linac, na mmekọrịta ụlọ maka ọgbọ neutron.A na-enye nchebe radieshon n'ụzọ bụ isi na-aga n'ihu n'ihi ọdịdị dị warara nke a na-eduzi nke oghere neutron emepụtara.
Mgbe linac RFQ gachara, a na-eme atụmatụ imewanye ngwa ngwa nke Inter-dijital H-structure (IH linac) linac 30.IH linacs na-eji usoro tube drift π-mode iji nye gradients dị elu eletrik karịa ụdị ọsọ dị iche iche.Emere ọmụmụ echiche ahụ dabere na simulation ogologo ogologo 1D yana ịme anwansị shei 3D.Mgbakọ na-egosi na 100 MHz IH linac nwere ezi uche drift tube voltaji (ihe na-erughị 450 kV) na ike na-elekwasị anya magnet nwere ike mee ngwangwa 40 mA doo site 1.4 ruo 14 MeV n'ebe dị anya nke 1.8 m.A na-eme atụmatụ nkesa ike na njedebe nke yinye ngwa ngwa na ± 0.4 MeV, nke na-adịghị emetụta ike dị iche iche nke neutrons nke ebumnuche ntụgharị neutron mepụtara.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nrịanrịa na-egbuke egbuke dị ala nke ọma iji lekwasị anya n'osisi ahụ n'ime ebe dị nta karịa ka a na-achọkarị maka ike ọkara na nha magnet quadrupole.Na nnyefe ike ọkụ (MEBT) n'etiti RFQ linac na linac IH, a na-eji resonator beamforming na-ejigide nhazi ihe ọkụkụ.A na-eji magnetik anọ anọ mee ihe iji chịkwaa nha n'akụkụ.Ejirila atụmatụ imewe a n'ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa31,32,33.A na-eme atụmatụ ngụkọta ogologo nke usoro dum site na isi iyi ion ruo n'ọnụ ụlọ a na-eche na ọ ga-erughị 8 m, nke nwere ike ịdaba na ụgbọ ala ọkara-trailer ọkọlọtọ.
A ga-arụnye ebumnuche ntụgharị neutron ozugbo ma emechara ngwa ngwa linear.Anyị na-atụle atụmatụ ọdụ ọdụ ebumnuche dabere na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga site na iji scenarios kinematic inverse23.Ebumnobi ngbanwe akọpụtara gụnyere ihe siri ike (polypropylene (C3H6) na titanium hydride (TiH2)) na sistemụ ebumnuche gas.Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọ bụla nwere uru na ọghọm.Ebumnuche siri ike na-enye ohere njikwa nha nha.Ka ebumnuche ahụ dị gịrịgịrị, ka nhazi oghere nke mmepụta neutron na-emeziwanye nke ọma.Agbanyeghị, ebumnuche ndị dị otú ahụ ka nwere ike ịnwe mmeghachi omume nuklia na radieshon na-achọghị.N'aka nke ọzọ, ebumnuche hydrogen nwere ike inye ebe dị ọcha site na iwepụ mmepụta nke 7Be, bụ isi ngwaahịa nke mmeghachi omume nuklia.Agbanyeghị, hydrogen nwere ikike mgbochi adịghị ike ma chọọ nnukwu anya anụ ahụ maka ntọhapụ ike zuru oke.Nke a dị ntakịrị njọ maka nha TOF.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọ bụrụ na a na-eji ihe nkiri dị gịrịgịrị mechie ihe mgbaru ọsọ hydrogen, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche mfu ike nke ụzarị gamma nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị mkpa na-emepụta na lithium beam merenụ.
LICORNE na-eji ebumnuche polypropylene wee kwalite usoro ebumnuche ya ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ hydrogen ejiri foil tantalum mechie.N'iburu n'uche na ọkụ ọkụ nke 100 nA maka 7Li34, sistemụ ebumnuche abụọ ahụ nwere ike iwepụta ihe ruru 107 n/s/sr.Ọ bụrụ na anyị etinye ntugharị mkpụrụ neutron a na-ekwu na isi neutron anyị chọrọ, mgbe ahụ enwere ike nweta ọkụ na-ebugharị lithium nke 7 × 10–8 C maka ụbụrụ laser ọ bụla.Nke a pụtara na ịgbanye laser naanị ugboro abụọ kwa nkeji na-emepụta neutron 40% karịa nke LICORNE nwere ike imepụta n'otu sekọnd na ọkụ na-aga n'ihu.Enwere ike ịba ụba ngụkọ n'ụzọ dị mfe site n'ịba ụba ugboro mkpali nke laser.Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-eche na e nwere 1 kHz laser usoro na ahịa, nkezi neutron flux nwere ike mfe amụba ihe ruru 7 × 109 n/s/sr.
Mgbe anyị na-eji usoro nkwughachi dị elu na ebumnuche plastik, ọ dị mkpa ijikwa ọgbọ okpomọkụ na ebumnuche n'ihi na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, polypropylene nwere ebe mgbaze dị ala nke 145-175 Celsius C na obere okpomọkụ nke 0.1-0.22 W /. m/K.Maka 14 MeV lithium-ion beam, ihe 7 µm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ polypropylene lekwasịrị anya zuru ezu iji belata ike ọkụ na ọnụ ụzọ mmeghachi omume (13.098 MeV).N'iburu n'uche ngụkọta mmetụta ion nke otu laser gbara na ebumnuche, ntọhapụ ike nke ion lithium site na polypropylene na-eme atụmatụ na 64 mJ/pulse.N'iburu n'uche na a na-ebufe ike niile na gburugburu nke nwere dayameta nke 10 mm, ọkpụkpụ ọ bụla kwekọrọ na ịrị elu okpomọkụ nke ihe dịka 18 K / pulse.Ntọhapụ ike na ebumnuche polypropylene dabere n'echiche dị mfe na a na-echekwa mfu ume niile dị ka okpomọkụ, na-enweghị radieshon ma ọ bụ mfu okpomọkụ ọzọ.Ebe ọ bụ na ịba ụba nke pulses kwa nkeji na-achọ nkwụsị nke ikpo ọkụ, anyị nwere ike iji ihe mgbawa anya iji zere ntọhapụ ume n'otu ebe23.N'iburu n'uche na ntụpọ 10 mm dị na ebumnuche ya na ọnụọgụ nkwughachi laser nke 100 Hz, ọsọ nyocha nke teepu polypropylene ga-abụ 1 m/s.Ọnụego nkwughachi dị elu ga-ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na anabatara nhụta ntụpọ.
Anyị jikwa batrị hydrogen nyochara ebumnuche, n'ihi na enwere ike iji ọkụ draịva siri ike na-emebighị ebumnuche.Enwere ike ịhazi oghere neutron ngwa ngwa site n'ịgbanwe ogologo ụlọ gas na nrụgide hydrogen n'ime.A na-ejikarị foils metal dị mkpa mee ihe na ngwa ngwa iji kewaa mpaghara gas nke ebumnuche na oghere.Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ịbawanye ume nke ihe ahụ merenụ lithium-ion beam iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mfu ike na foil.Mgbakọ ebumnuche akọwapụtara na akụkọ 35 nwere akpa aluminom dị 3.5 cm ogologo yana nrụgide H2 gas nke 1.5 atm.Igwe lithium ion 16.75 MeV na-abanye na batrị site na ikuku jụrụ oyi 2.7 µm Ta foil, na ike nke lithium ion beam na njedebe nke batrị na-agbada ruo n'ókè mmeghachi omume.Ka iwelie ike ọkụ nke batrị lithium-ion site na 14.0 MeV ruo 16.75 MeV, IH linac ga-agbatịkwu ihe dịka 30 cm.
A mụọkwara mpụta neutron sitere na ebumnuche cell gas.Maka ebumnuche LICORNE gas a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, ihe ngosi GEANT436 na-egosi na a na-emepụta neutrons gbadoro anya nke ukwuu n'ime cone, dị ka egosiri na Figure 1 na [37].Ntụaka 35 na-egosi ike ike sitere na 0.7 ruo 3.0 MeV na oghere cone kachasị nke 19.5 ° n'akụkụ ntụziaka nke mgbasa nke isi ọkụ.Neutron gbadoro anya nke ukwuu nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ ihe mkpuchi n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, na-ebelata ịdị arọ nke ihe owuwu ahụ yana inye mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ntinye akụrụngwa nha.Site n'echiche nke nchebe radieshon, na mgbakwunye na neutrons, ebumnuche gas a na-ewepụta 478 keV gamma radieshon isotropically na centroid coordinate system38.A na-emepụta ụzarị ọkụ ndị a n'ihi 7Be ire ere na 7Li deexcitation, nke na-eme mgbe mbụ Li beam kụrụ mpio ntinye Ta.Otú ọ dị, site n'ịgbakwụnye nnukwu 35 Pb/C cylindrical collimator, ndabere nwere ike ibelata nke ukwuu.
Dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọzọ, mmadụ nwere ike iji windo plasma [39, 40], nke na-eme ka o kwe omume ịnweta nrụgide hydrogen dị elu na obere mpaghara oghere nke ọgbọ neutron, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ala na ebumnuche siri ike.
Anyị na-enyocha nhọrọ ntugharị neutron maka nkesa ike a na-atụ anya ya na nha beam nke lithium ion beam na-eji GEANT4.Ihe ngosi anyị na-egosi nkesa na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ike neutron na nkesa angular maka ebumnuche hydrogen na akwụkwọ ndị dị n'elu.N'ime usoro ebumnuche ọ bụla, neutrons gbadoro anya nke ukwuu nwere ike imepụta ya site na mmeghachi omume kinematic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ọkụ 7Li3+ siri ike na-ebute na ebumnuche bara ụba hydrogen.Ya mere, enwere ike imejuputa isi mmalite neutron ọhụrụ site na ijikọta teknụzụ ndị dịbu adị.
Ọnọdụ irradiation laser megharịrị nnwale ọgbọ nke ion beam tupu ngosipụta ngwa ngwa.Laser bụ desktọpụ nanosecond Nd: YAG sistemụ nwere njupụta ike laser nke 1012 W/cm2, ogologo ogologo ogologo nke 1064 nm, ike ntụpọ nke 800 mJ, yana ogologo oge nke 6 ns.A na-eme atụmatụ dayameta ntụpọ na ebumnuche na 100 µm.N'ihi na lithium metal (Alfa Aesar, 99.9% dị ọcha) dị nnọọ nro, a na-agbanye ihe ndị a na-ebipụ kpọmkwem n'ime ihe.Akụkụ foil 25 mm × 25 mm, ọkpụrụkpụ 0.6 mm.Nbibi dị ka olulu mmiri na-eme n'elu ebe ebumnuche mgbe laser kụrụ ya, yabụ na-ebugharị ebumnuche ya site na ikpo okwu moto iji nye akụkụ dị ọhụrụ nke elu ebumnuche ya na ogbugba laser ọ bụla.Iji zere nchikota n'ihi gas fọdụrụnụ, a na-edebe nrụgide dị n'ime ụlọ n'okpuru 10-4 Pa.
Olu mbụ nke plasma laser dị ntakịrị, ebe ọ bụ na nha nke ntụpọ laser bụ 100 μm na n'ime 6 ns mgbe ọgbọ ya gasịrị.Enwere ike iwere olu ahụ dị ka ihe ziri ezi ma gbasaa.Ọ bụrụ na etinye ihe nchọta ahụ n'ebe dị anya xm site na elu ebumnuche, mgbe ahụ mgbama natara na-erube isi na mmekọrịta ahụ: ion current I, ion mbata oge t, na pulse width τ.
A na-amụ plasma nke emepụtara site na usoro TOF na FC na onye nyocha ike ike (EIA) nke dị n'ebe dị anya nke 2.4 m na 3.85 m site na ebumnuche laser.FC nwere grid suppressor nke na-adabere na -5 kV iji gbochie electrons.EIA nwere 90 ogo electrostatic deflector nke mejupụtara abụọ coaxial metal cylindrical electrodes nwere otu voltaji ma na-abụghị polarity, nti n'èzí na adịghị mma n'ime.A na-edobe plasma na-agbasawanye n'ime deflector n'azụ oghere ahụ ma gbanye ya site na ọkụ eletrik na-agafe na cylinder ahụ.A na-achọpụta ion na-emeju mmekọrịta E/z = eKU site na iji Electron Multiplier (SEM) (Hamamatsu R2362), ebe E, z, e, K, na U bụ ike ion, ọnọdụ ụgwọ, na ụgwọ bụ ihe geometric EIA. .eletrọn, n'otu n'otu, na ike dị iche n'etiti electrodes.Site na ịgbanwe voltaji n'ofe deflector, mmadụ nwere ike nweta ike na ụgwọ nkesa nke ion na plasma.Igwe ọkụ na-ekpochapụ U/2 EIA dị na nso site na 0.2 V ruo 800 V, nke kwekọrọ na ike ion dị na nso site na 4 eV ruo 16 keV kwa steeti ụgwọ.
Nkesa nke steeti ụgwọ nke ion nyochara n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke irradiation laser kọwara na ngalaba "Ọgbọ nke lithium beams zuru oke" ka egosiri na fig.8.
Nyocha nke nkesa nke steeti ụgwọ nke ions.Nke a bụ profaịlụ oge njupụta ion dị ugbu a ejiri EIA nyochaa wee tụọ ya na 1 m site na foil lithium site na iji nhata.(1) na (2).Jiri ọnọdụ irradiation laser akọwara na ngalaba "Ọgbọ nke Lithium Beam zuru oke".Site na ijikọ njupụta nke ọ bụla dị ugbu a, a gbakọrọ nha nke ion dị na plasma, nke egosiri na eserese 3.
Isi mmalite ion laser nwere ike ibunye oke ọkụ multi-mA ion nwere nnukwu ụgwọ.Otú ọ dị, nnyefe ọkụ na-esi ike nke ukwuu n'ihi nkwụsị ụgwọ oghere, ya mere ejighi ya mee ihe.N'ime atụmatụ ọdịnala, a na-ewepụta ion beams na plasma wee bufee ya na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa n'ahịrị beam nwere ọtụtụ magnet na-elekwasị anya na-akpụzi ion beam dị ka ike mbuli nke ihe osooso siri dị.N'ime oghere ndị na-ebufe oghere, ogwe ndị ahụ na-adịgasị iche na-abụghị nke kwụ ọtọ, a na-ahụkwa nnukwu mfu ọkụ, karịsịa na mpaghara nke obere ọsọ.Iji merie nsogbu a na mmepe nke carbon accelerators ọgwụ, a na-atụpụta atụmatụ nnyefe DPIS41 ọhụrụ.Anyị etinyela usoro a iji mee ka ọkụ lithium-ion dị ike sitere na isi iyi neutron ọhụrụ.
Dị ka e gosiri na fig.4, oghere nke a na-emepụta plasma ma gbasaa na-agba ya gburugburu site na ngwongwo ígwè.Oghere ahụ agbachiri agbatị ruo n'ọnụ ụzọ RFQ resonator, gụnyere olu dị n'ime eriri solenoid.A na-etinye voltaji nke 52 kV na akpa ahụ.N'ime resonator RFQ, a na-adọta ion site n'ike site na oghere dayameta 6 mm site n'itinye RFQ ahụ.A na-ekpochapụ ndị agha na-asọ oyi na-enweghị ahịrị na eriri beam ka a na-ebufe ion na steeti plasma.Na mgbakwunye, dị ka ekwuru n'elu, anyị tinyere mpaghara solenoid na DPIS iji chịkwaa ma mee ka njupụta nke ion dị na oghere mmịpụta.
Ihe osooso RFQ nwere oghere oghere cylindrical dị ka egosiri na fig.9a.N'ime ya, a na-etinye mkpanaka anọ nke ọla kọpa na-enweghị oxygen na quadrupole-symmetrically gburugburu axis beam (Fig 9b).4 mkpanaka na ụlọ na-etolite sekit RF resonant.Mpaghara RF a kpalitere na-emepụta voltaji na-agbanwe oge n'ofe mkpanaka.A na-ejide ions etinyere ogologo oge n'akụkụ axis n'akụkụ akụkụ anọ.N'otu oge ahụ, a na-emegharị ọnụ nke mkpanaka ahụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik axial.Ogige axial na-ekewa oghere a na-agbanye n'ọkụ na-aga n'ihu n'ime usoro ntu osisi a na-akpọ beam.Ntugharị ọ bụla dị n'ime oge okirikiri RF (10ns).A na-ekesa oghere ndị dị n'akụkụ dịka oge oge redio siri dị.N'ime linac RFQ, a na-atụgharị ọkụ 2 µs sitere na isi iyi laser ka ọ bụrụ usoro nke 200 beams.A na-emeziwanye ọkụ ahụ na ike gbakọọ.
Linear osooso RFQ.(a) (n'aka ekpe) Nlele mpụga nke ụlọ linac RFQ.(b) (n'aka nri) electrode anọ n'ime ụlọ.
Ihe ndị bụ isi imewe nke linac RFQ bụ voltaji mkpanaka, ugboro resonant, radius oghere, na modulation electrode.Họrọ voltaji na mkpanaka ± 29 kV nke mere na ọkụ eletrik ya dị n'okpuru ebe mgbaka ọkụ eletrik.Na-ebelata ugboro resonant, ka ukwuu n'akụkụ na-elekwasị anya ike na nta nkezi osooso ubi.Nnukwu oghere radius na-eme ka o kwe omume ịbawanye nha nha na, n'ihi ya, na-abawanye ọkụ ọkụ ugbu a n'ihi ntanye ụgwọ oghere oghere.N'aka nke ọzọ, radius oghere buru ibu chọrọ ike RF karịa iji mee ka linac RFQ dị ike.Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-ejedebe site na mma chọrọ nke saịtị ahụ.Dabere na nha nha ndị a, ahọpụtara ugboro resonant (100 MHz) na oghere oghere (4.5 mm) maka ngwangwa ọkụ dị ugbu a.A na-ahọrọ modulation ahụ iji wedata mfu beam ma bulie arụmọrụ ngwa ngwa.Emebere nhazi ahụ ọtụtụ oge iji mepụta linac RFQ nke nwere ike mee ka 7Li3 + ion dị ngwa na 40 mA site na 22 keV / n ruo 204 keV / n n'ime 2 m.Ike RF tụrụ n'oge nnwale ahụ bụ 77 kW.
RFQ linacs nwere ike mee ka ion dị ngwa site na Q/A kpọmkwem.Ya mere, mgbe ị na-enyocha ihe ọkụ na-enye nri ruo na njedebe nke ngwa ngwa linear, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche isotopes na ihe ndị ọzọ.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ion ndị a chọrọ, nke a na-eme ngwa ngwa, ma na-agbada n'okpuru ọnọdụ osooso n'etiti etiti ihe osooso, ka nwere ike izute nkwụsị n'akụkụ ma nwee ike ibuga ya na njedebe.Ụzarị na-achọghị ndị ọzọ karịa irighiri ihe 7Li3+ emebere ka a na-akpọ adịghị ọcha.N'ime nnwale anyị, 14N6+ na 16O7+ adịghị ọcha bụ ihe kacha echegbu ya, ebe ọ bụ na foil metal lithium na-emeghachi omume na oxygen na nitrogen na ikuku.Ion ndị a nwere oke Q/A nke enwere ike iji 7Li3+ mee ngwa ngwa.Anyị na-eji magnet dipole kewapụ ihie dị iche iche dị mma na mma maka nyocha beam ka RFQ linac gachara.
Ahịrị beam ka emebere linac RFQ iji wepụta ọkụ ọkụ 7Li3+ na FC mgbe magnet dipole gasịrị.-400 V eletrọd eletrọnịkị na-akpachapụ anya ka a na-eji ebelata electrons nke abụọ n'ime iko iji tụọ nke ọma ion beam current.Site na optics a, a na-ekewa trajectories ion n'ime dipoles ma lekwasị anya n'ebe dị iche iche dabere na Q/A.N'ihi ihe dị iche iche dị ka mgbasa ọkụ ọkụ na nkwụghachi ụgwọ ohere, ọkụ na-elekwasị anya nwere ụfọdụ obosara.Enwere ike kewapụ ụdị ahụ naanị ma ọ bụrụ na anya dị n'etiti ebe a na-atụgharị uche nke ụdị ion abụọ dị ukwuu karịa obosara osisi.Iji nweta mkpebi kachasị elu enwere ike, a na-etinye ihe nkedo kwụ ọtọ n'akụkụ n'úkwù osisi ahụ, ebe a na-etinyekarị ogwe osisi ahụ.Awụnyere ihuenyo scintillation (CsI (Tl) sitere na Saint-Gobain, 40 mm × 40 mm × 3 mm) n'etiti slit na PC.A na-eji scintillator chọpụta obere mgbawa nke ihe ndị ahụ emebere ga-agafe maka mkpebi kachasị mma yana iji gosipụta nha nha nke ion dị elu dị ugbu a.Igwefoto CCD na-edekọ onyonyo beam dị na scintillator site na windo oghere.Gbanwee windo oge mkpughe iji kpuchie obosara n'ikuku ọkụ.
Nchịkọta data ejiri ma ọ bụ nyochaa n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a dị site n'aka ndị odee dị iche iche ma rịọ maka ezi uche.
Manke, I. et al.Onyonyo akụkụ atọ nke ngalaba magnetik.Nzukọ mba.1, 125. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1125 (2010).
Anderson, IS et al.Ohere nke ịmụ kọmpat neutron isi mmalite na accelerators.physics.Nchikota 654, 1-58.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2016.07.007 (2016).
Urchuoli, A. et al.Microtomography gbakọọ dabere na Neutron: Pliobates cataloniae na Barberapithecus huerzeleri dị ka ikpe nnwale.Ee.J. Fiziks.nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ.166, 987–993.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23467 (2018).