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304 10 * 1mm igwe anaghị agba nchara tubing na china
Size: 3/4 inch, 1/2 inch, 1 inch, 3 inch, 2 inch
Ogologo Ogologo nkeji nkeji: 6 mita
Ọkwa igwe: 201, 304 NA 316
Ọkwa: 201, 202, 304, 316, 304L, 316 L,
Ihe: igwe anaghị agba nchara
Ọnọdụ: Ọhụrụ
Igwe anaghị agba nchara tube eriri igwe
Size: 3/4 inch, 1/2 inch, 1 inch, 3 inch, 2 inch
Ogologo Ogologo nkeji nkeji: 6 mita
Ọkwa igwe: 201, 304 NA 316
Ọkwa: 201, 202, 304, 316, 304L, 316 L,
Ihe: igwe anaghị agba nchara
Ọnọdụ: Ọhụrụ
A nwalere nanofluids covalent na ndị na-abụghị covalent n'ime ọkpọkọ gbara gburugburu nwere ihe ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ nwere akụkụ helix nke 45° na 90°.Nọmba Reynolds bụ 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000, a na-enyocha akụrụngwa thermophysical na 308 K. A na-edozi ụdị anụ ahụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ site na iji ụdị viscosity turbulent abụọ (SST k-omega turbulence).A na-atụle mkpokọta (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.%, na 0.1 wt.%) nke nanofluids ZNP-SDBS@DV na ZNP-COOH@DV na ọrụ ahụ.A na-ekpo ọkụ na mgbidi nke tubes gbagọrọ agbagọ na okpomọkụ na-adịgide adịgide nke 330 K. A na-atụle ihe isii n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a: okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, okpomọkụ na-enyefe ọkụ, nkezi Nusselt nọmba, ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu, nkwụsị nrụgide, na njirimara nyocha ọrụ.N'okwu abụọ ahụ (helix angle nke 45 ° na 90 °), ZNP-SDBS @ DV nanofluid gosipụtara njirimara thermal-hydraulic dị elu karịa ZNP-COOH @ DV, ọ na-abawanye site na ụbara oke oke, dịka ọmụmaatụ, 0.025 wt., na 0.05 wt.bụ 1.19 €.% na 1.26 - 0.1 wt.N'okwu abụọ ahụ (helix angle 45 ° na 90 °), ụkpụrụ nke njirimara thermodynamic mgbe ị na-eji GNP-COOH @ DW bụ 1.02 maka 0.025% wt., 1.05 maka 0.05% wt.na 1.02 maka 0.1% wt.
Igwe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ bụ ngwaọrụ thermodynamic 1 na-ebufe okpomọkụ n'oge arụ ọrụ jụrụ oyi na kpo oku.Ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ-hydraulic nke onye na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ na-eme ka ọnụọgụ ọkụ na-ebufe ọkụ ma belata nkwụsị nke mmiri na-arụ ọrụ.E mepụtala ọtụtụ ụzọ iji melite nnyefe ọkụ, gụnyere ndị na-eme ka ọgba aghara2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 na nanofluids12,13,14,15.Ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ bụ otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị aga nke ọma maka ịkwalite nnyefe ọkụ na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ n'ihi ịdị mfe nke mmezi na ọnụ ala dị ala7,16.
N'ime usoro nyocha na nyocha mgbakọ na mwepụ, a na-amụ ihe hydrothermal nke ngwakọta nke nanofluids na ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ na ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ.N'ime ọrụ nnwale, a mụrụ akụrụngwa hydrothermal nke nanofluids ọla atọ dị iche iche (Ag@DW, Fe@DW na Cu@DW) na teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ (STT) okpomọkụ Exchanger17.E jiri ya tụnyere ọkpọkọ isi, a na-eme ka ọnụọgụ ọkụ ọkụ nke STT dị mma site na 11% na 67%.Nhazi SST kacha mma site na echiche akụ na ụba n'ihe gbasara arụmọrụ na oke α = β = 0.33.Na mgbakwunye, a hụrụ mmụba 18.2% na n na Ag@DW, ọ bụ ezie na mmụba kachasị elu na ọnwụ nrụgide bụ naanị 8.5%.A na-amụ usoro anụ ahụ nke nnyefe ọkụ na mfu nrụgide na ọkpọkọ concentric na na-enweghị ihe mgbagwoju anya na-eji usoro mgbagwoju anya nke Al2O3 @ DW nanofluid na convection mmanye.A na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ Nusselt kachasị elu (Nuavg) na mfu nrụgide na Re = 20,000 mgbe ụda mkpuchi = 25 mm na Al2O3 @ DW nanofluid 1.6 vol.Emebekwara ọmụmụ ụlọ nyocha iji mụọ mbufe ọkụ na njirimara mbelata nrụgide nke graphene oxide nanofluids (GO@DW) na-asọfe na tubes okirikiri nwere ntinye WC.Nsonaazụ gosiri na 0.12 vol% -GO@DW mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ mbufe ọkụ convective site na ihe dịka 77%.Na nyocha nnwale ọzọ, e mepụtara nanofluids (TiO2@DW) iji mụọ njirimara thermal-hydraulic nke tubes dimpled dabara na ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ20.A rụpụtara arụmọrụ hydrothermal kacha elu nke 1.258 site na iji 0.15 vol% -TiO2@DW agbakwunyere na 45º na-atụ aro nwere ihe ntụgharị nke 3.0.Ụdị ịme anwansị nke otu na nkeji abụọ (ngwakọ) na-eburu n'uche nfe na mbufe okpomọkụ nke CuO@DW nanofluids n'ụdị siri ike dị iche iche (1-4% vol.%)21.Igwe ọkụ kachasị mma nke tube etinyere na otu teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ bụ 2.18, na tube etinyere na teepu abụọ gbagọrọ agbagọ n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ bụ 2.04 (ụdị abụọ, Re = 36,000 na 4 vol.%).A mụọla nanofluid nanofluid na-abụghị nke Newtonian nke carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) na ọla kọpa oxide (CuO) na ọkpọkọ na ọkpọkọ nwere ntinye gbagọrọ agbagọ.Nuavg na-egosi mmụba nke 16.1% (maka ọkpọkọ isi) na 60% (maka ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ nwere oke nke (H/D = 5)).N'ozuzu, oke ntụgharị-na-rịbọn dị ala na-ebute oke nhụsianya dị elu.N'ime nyocha nyocha, mmetụta nke ọkpọkọ nwere teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ (TT) na coils (VC) na njirimara nke nnyefe ọkụ na ọnụọgụ esemokwu ka a mụrụ site na iji CuO @ DW nanofluids.Iji 0.3 vol.% -CuO @ DW na Re = 20,000 na-eme ka o kwe omume ịbawanye mbufe ọkụ na ọkpọkọ VK-2 na ọnụ ahịa kacha elu nke 44.45%.Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe ị na-eji eriri eriri agbagwoju anya na ntinye eriri igwe n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ oke, ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu na-abawanye site na ihe 1.17 na 1.19 ma e jiri ya tụnyere DW.N'ozuzu, arụmọrụ ọkụ nke nanofluids na-etinye n'ime eriri igwe dị mma karịa nke nanofluids na-etinye n'ime eriri ndị nwere eriri.A mụrụ njirimara volumetric nke ọgba aghara (MWCNT@DW) nanofluid eruba n'ime eriri kwụ ọtọ etinyere n'ime waya gburugburu.Oke arụmọrụ okpomọkụ bụ> 1 maka ikpe niile, na-egosi na nchikota nanofluidics na ntinye eriri igwe na-eme ka nnyefe ọkụ na-ejighi ike mgbapụta.Abstract — Àgwà mmiri nke hydrothermal nke ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ abụọ nwere ihe ntinye dị iche iche nke ejiri teepu V-shaped na-agbanwe agbanwe (VcTT) gbanwee n'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ọgba aghara nke Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW nanofluid.E jiri ya tụnyere DW na tubes ntọala, Nuavg nwere mmụba dị ịrịba ama nke 132% yana ọnụọgụ esemokwu ruru 55%.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a tụlere arụmọrụ ike nke Al2O3 + TiO2 @ DW nanocomposite n'ime ikpo ọkụ abụọ na-ekpo ọkụ26.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ha, ha chọpụtara na iji Al2O3 + TiO2@DW na TT kwalitere mmega ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere DW.Na concentric tubular okpomọkụ Exchangers na VcTT turbulators, Singh na Sarkar27 ji usoro mgbanwe ihe (PCM), chụsasịrị otu / nanocomposite nanofluids (Al2O3 @ DW na PCM na Al2O3 + PCM).Ha kwuru na mbufe ọkụ na mbelata nrụgide na-abawanye ka ọnụọgụ ntụgharị na-ebelata yana ntinye nanoparticle na-abawanye.Ihe omimi nke V-notch buru ibu ma ọ bụ ihe obosara nke nta nwere ike inye nnukwu nnyefe okpomọkụ na nkwụsị nrụgide.Na mgbakwunye, ejirila graphene-platinum (Gr-Pt) nyochaa okpomọkụ, esemokwu, na mkpokọta entropy ọgbọ na tubes nwere ntinye 2-TT28.Ọmụmụ ihe ha gosiri na pasentị dị nta nke (Gr-Pt) belatara nke ukwuu ọgbọ entropy okpomọkụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmepe entropy dị elu dị elu.Ngwakọta Al2O3 @ MgO nanofluids na conical WC nwere ike iwere dị ka ngwakọta dị mma, ebe ọ bụ na ụbara (h / Δp) nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ hydrothermal nke onye na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ abụọ 29.A na-eji ihe atụ ọnụọgụ iji nyochaa ọrụ nchekwa ike na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ndị na-agbanwe okpomọkụ nwere akụkụ atọ dị iche iche nanofluids (THNF) (Al2O3 + graphene + MWCNT) kwụsịrị na DW30.N'ihi Criteria Nyocha Arụmọrụ (PEC) na oke nke 1.42-2.35, a chọrọ nchikota nke ịda mbà n'obi Twisted Turbulizer Insert (DTTI) na (Al2O3 + Graphene + MWCNT).
Ruo ugbu a, a na-elebara obere anya na ọrụ nke covalent na ndị na-abụghị covalent functionalization na hydrodynamic eruba na thermal fluids.Ebumnuche ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ a bụ iji tụnyere njirimara thermal-hydraulic nke nanofluids (ZNP-SDBS@DV) na (ZNP-COOH@DV) na ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ na akụkụ helix nke 45 ° na 90 °.A na-atụle ihe ndị dị na thermophysical na Tin = 308 K. N'okwu a, a na-ewere akụkụ atọ nke uka na usoro ntụnyere, dị ka (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% na 0.1 wt.%).A na-eji ihe nfefe nrụgide na-eme ka ọ dị na 3D turbulent flow model (SST k-ω) dozie njirimara okpomọkụ-hydraulic.Ya mere, ọmụmụ ihe a na-enye aka dị ukwuu n'ịmụ ihe dị mma (nfefe ọkụ) na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma (nrụgide nrụgide na esemokwu), na-egosipụta njirimara thermal-hydraulic na njikarịcha nke ezigbo mmiri mmiri na-arụ ọrụ na usoro injinia dị otú ahụ.
Nhazi bụ isi bụ ọkpọkọ dị nro (L = 900 mm na DH = 20 mm).Etinyere akụkụ teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ (ogologo = 20 mm, ọkpụrụkpụ = 0.5 mm, profaịlụ = 30 mm).N'okwu a, ogologo, obosara, na strok nke profaịlụ gburugburu bụ 20 mm, 0.5 mm, na 30 mm, n'otu n'otu.The teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ na-echigharịkwuru na 45° na 90°.Mmiri mmiri dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị ka DW, nanofluids na-abụghị covalent (GNF-SDBS @ DW) na covalent nanofluids (GNF-COOH @ DW) na Tin = 308 K, ọnụọgụ atọ dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds.Emere ule ndị ahụ n'ime ihe na-ekpo ọkụ.A na-eme ka mgbidi dị n'èzí nke spiral tube na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu nke 330 K iji nwalee paramita maka imeziwanye nnyefe ọkụ.
Na fig.1 schematically na-egosi tube ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ nwere ọnọdụ oke na ọdabara na mpaghara mechiri.Dịka e kwuru na mbụ, ọnọdụ ọsọ na nrụgide nrụgide na-emetụta akụkụ ntinye na ntinye nke helix.Na okpomọkụ dị elu mgbe niile, a na-etinye ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na mgbidi ọkpọkọ.Ntụle ọnụọgụgụ ugbu a na-eji ngwọta dabere na nrụgide.N'otu oge ahụ, a na-eji mmemme (ANSYS FLUENT 2020R1) gbanwee nha nhata nke akụkụ (PDE) ka ọ bụrụ usoro nha nhata algebra site na iji usoro oke oke (FMM).Usoro SIMPLE nke abụọ (ụzọ nke ọkara-kpọmkwem maka usoro nrụgide dabere nha nha) metụtara ọsọ-nrụgide.Ekwesiri imesi ya ike na nchikota nke ihe ndi ozo maka oke, ume, na ike ike erughị 103 na 106, n'otu n'otu.
p Eserese nke ngalaba anụ ahụ na mgbakọ: (a) akụkụ helix 90°, (b) akụkụ helix 45°, (c) enweghị agụba helical.
A na-eji ihe atụ nke otu na-akọwa njirimara nke nanofluids.Site n'itinye nanomaterials n'ime mmiri mmiri (DW), a na-emepụta mmiri na-aga n'ihu nke nwere ezigbo okpomọkụ.N'akụkụ a, okpomọkụ na ọsọ nke mmiri mmiri na nanomaterial nwere otu uru.N'ihi echiche na echiche ndị a dị n'elu, arụmọrụ otu nkeji na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ọmụmụ ihe a.Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ egosila ịdị irè na ntinye nke usoro otu usoro maka nanofluidic flow31,32.
Ntugharị nke nanofluids ga-abụrịrị ọgba aghara Newtonian, enweghị mgbagwoju anya na ọ kwụ ọtọ.Ọrụ mkpakọ na ikpo ọkụ viscous adịghị mkpa na ọmụmụ a.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a naghị echebara ọkpụrụkpụ nke mgbidi dị n'ime na n'èzí nke ọkpọkọ.Ya mere, oke, ume, na ike ichekwa nha nhata nke na-akọwa ụdị okpomọkụ nwere ike igosipụta dịka ndị a:
ebe \(\overrightarrow{V}\) bụ vector pụtara pụtara, Keff = K + Kt bụ thermal conductivity nke nanofluids covalent na noncovalent, na ε bụ ọnụego mgbasa ike.Njirimara thermophysical dị irè nke nanofluids, gụnyere njupụta (ρ), viscosity (μ), ikike okpomọkụ kpọmkwem (Cp) na thermal conductivity (k), nke e gosiri na tebụl, tụrụ n'oge nyocha nyocha na okpomọkụ nke 308 K1 mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe. na simulators ndị a.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ simulations nke turbulent nanofluid flow na omenala na TT tubes mere na nọmba Reynolds 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. A na-enyocha ihe ngosi ndị a na convective heat transfer coefficients site na iji Mentor's κ-ω turbulence model nke shear stress transfer (SST) nke Reyn na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma. nlereanya Navier-Stokes, nke a na-ejikarị na nyocha ikuku.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ihe nlereanya ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị ọrụ mgbidi ma dị mma n'akụkụ mgbidi 35,36.(SST) κ-ω na-achị nha nha nke ụdị ọgba aghara bụ ndị a:
ebe \(S \) bụ uru nke ọnụọgụ nje, na \ (y \) bụ ebe dị anya na elu dị n'akụkụ.Ka ọ dịgodị, \({\alpha}_{1}\), \({\alpha}_{2}\), \({\beta}_{1}\), \({\beta}_{ 2 }\), \({\beta}^{*}\), \({\sigma}_{{k}_{1}}\), \({\sigma}_{{k}_{ 2 }}\), \({\sigma}_{{\omega}_{1}}\) na \({\sigma}_{{\omega}_{2}}\) na-egosi ihe niile na-agbanwe agbanwe.F1 na F2 bụ ọrụ agwakọta.Rịba ama: F1 = 1 na oyi akwa oke, 0 na ntinye na-abịa.
A na-eji usoro nleba anya arụmọrụ amụ mbufe ọkụ convective na-agbagharị agbagharị, na-asọpụta nanofluid na-abụghị covalent, dịka ọmụmaatụ31:
N'okwu a, a na-eji (\(\rho \)), (\(v\)), (\({D}_{h}\)) na (\(\mu \)) mee ihe maka njupụta, ọsọ ọsọ mmiri. , dayameta hydraulic na viscosity ike.(\({C}_{p}\, \mathrm{u}\, k\))) - ikike ikpo ọkụ kpọmkwem yana ikpo ọkụ nke mmiri na-asọ.Ọzọkwa, (\(\dot{m}\)) na-ezo aka na oke mmiri, na (\({T}_{out}-{T}_{in}\)) na-ezo aka na ọdịiche okpomọkụ nbanye na mpụta.(NF) na-ezo aka na covalent, nanofluids na-abụghị covalent, na (DW) na-ezo aka na mmiri distilled (mmiri mmiri).\({A}_{s} = \pi DL\), \({\overline{T}}_{f}=\frac{\aka ekpe({T}_{out}-{T}_{in) }\right)}{2}\) na \({\overline{T}}_{w}=\sum \frac{{T}_{w}}{n}\).
The thermophysical Njirimara nke isi mmiri mmiri (DW), non-covalent nanofluid (GNF-SDBS @ DW), na covalent nanofluid (GNF-COOH @ DW) e weere na akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara (nnwale ọmụmụ), Sn = 308 K, dị ka egosiri na Tebụl 134. Na-ahụkarị N'ime nnwale iji nweta nanofluid na-abụghị covalent (GNP-SDBS @ DW) na pasentị oke ama ama, ụfọdụ gram nke GNP bụ isi na-ebu ụzọ tụọ ya na nguzozi dijitalụ.Oke arọ nke SDBS/GNP nke ala bụ (0.5:1) tụrụ na DW.N'okwu a, covalent (COOH-GNP @ DW) nanofluids na-arụ ọrụ site na ịgbakwunye otu carboxyl n'elu GNP site na iji usoro acidic siri ike na oke olu (1: 3) nke HNO3 na H2SO4.Akwụsịrị nanofluids Covalent na ndị na-abụghị covalent na DW na pasentị arọ atọ dị iche iche dị ka 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt%.na 0.1% nke uka.
Emere ule nnwere onwe ntupu na ngalaba mgbako anọ dị iche iche iji hụ na nha ntupu anaghị emetụta simulation ahụ.N'ihe banyere 45 ° torsion ọkpọkọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji na unit size 1.75 mm bụ 249,033, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji na unit size 2 mm bụ 307,969, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji na unit size 2.25 mm bụ 421.406, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkeji. ya na otu nha 2.5 mm 564 940 n'otu n'otu.Na mgbakwunye, na ihe atụ nke ọkpọkọ gbagọrọ agbagọ nke 90 °, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị nwere nha nha 1.75 mm bụ 245,531, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe nwere nha nha 2 mm bụ 311,584, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe nwere nha nha 2.25 mm. 422,708, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọcha nwere nha mmewere nke 2.5 mm n'otu n'otu bụ 573,826.Izi ezi nke agụ ihe ọkụ ọkụ dịka (Tout, htc, na Nuavg) na-abawanye ka ọnụọgụ nke ihe na-ebelata.N'otu oge ahụ, izi ezi nke ụkpụrụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ esemokwu na nrụgide nrụgide gosipụtara omume dị iche iche (Fig 2).Ejiri grid (2) dị ka mpaghara grid bụ isi iji nyochaa njirimara thermal-hydraulic na ikpe emepụtara.
Nnwale mbufe okpomọkụ na nrụpụta nrụgide na-adabereghị na ntupu site na iji ụzọ abụọ nke tubes DW gbagọrọ agbagọ na 45° na 90°.
Nsonaazụ ọnụọgụ dị ugbu a akwadoro maka ịrụ ọrụ mbufe ọkụ yana ọnụọgụ esemokwu site na iji njikọ na nha anya ama ama dị ka Dittus-Belter, Petukhov, Gnelinsky, Notter-Rouse na Blasius.E mere ntụnyere ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ 7000≤Re≤17000.Dị ka fig.3, nkezi na njehie kachasị n'etiti nsonaazụ ịme anwansị na nha nnyefe ọkụ bụ 4.050 na 5.490% (Dittus-Belter), 9.736 na 11.33% (Petukhov), 4.007 na 7.483% (Gnelinsky), na 3.883% na (4.9). Nott-Belter).Rose).N'okwu a, nkezi na njehie kachasị n'etiti nsonaazụ simulation na nha nhata esemokwu bụ 7.346% na 8.039% (Blasius) na 8.117% na 9.002% (Petukhov), n'otu n'otu.
Mbufe ọkụ na akụrụngwa hydrodynamic nke DW na ọnụọgụ Reynolds dị iche iche na-eji ngụkọ ọnụọgụgụ na mmekọ dị egwu.
Nkebi a na-atụle njirimara thermal nke ndị na-abụghị covalent (LNP-SDBS) na covalent (LNP-COOH) nanofluids aqueous na atọ dị iche iche uka ụmụ irighiri na Reynolds nọmba dị ka nkezi metụtara isi mmiri (DW).A na-atụle geometric abụọ nke ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ (helix angle 45 ° na 90 °) maka 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. Na fig.4 na-egosi nkezi okpomọkụ na ọpụpụ nanofluid n'ime mmiri mmiri (DW) (\(\frac {{{T}_{out}_{NFs}}{{{T}_{out}}_{ DW}} \)) na (0.025% wt., 0.05% wt. na 0.1% wt.).(\(\frac {{{T}_{out}}_{NFs}}{{T}_{out}}_{DW}}\)) na-erukwa 1 mgbe niile, nke pụtara na okpomoku mputa na-abụghị covalent (VNP-SDBS) na covalent (VNP-COOH) nanofluids dị n'okpuru okpomọkụ na ntinye nke isi mmiri mmiri.Mbelata kacha ala na nke kachasị elu bụ 0.1 wt% -COOH@GNPs na 0.1 wt% -SDBS@GNPs, n'otu n'otu.Ihe omume a bụ n'ihi mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta mgbe nile, nke na-eduga ná mgbanwe na njirimara nke nanofluid (ya bụ, njupụta na viscosity ike).
Ọnụọgụ 5 na 6 na-egosi njirimara mbufe okpomọkụ nke nanofluid na mmiri mmiri (DW) na (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% na 0.1 wt.%).Nkezi ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ na-ebufe ọkụ na-adịkarị karịa 1, nke pụtara na a na-eme ka ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-abụghị covalent (LNP-SDBS) na covalent (LNP-COOH) nanofluids na-abawanye ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmiri mmiri.0.1 wt% -COOH@GNPs na 0.1 wt% -SDBS@GNP nwetara uru kacha ala na kacha elu, n'otu n'otu.Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds na-abawanye n'ihi nnukwu ngwakọta mmiri na ọgba aghara na ọkpọkọ 1, ọrụ nnyefe okpomọkụ na-akawanye mma.Mmiri mmiri na-esi na obere oghere na-erute ọsọ ọsọ dị elu, na-ebute oyi akwa oke ọkụ / okpomọkụ dị ntakịrị, nke na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nnyefe okpomọkụ dịkwuo elu.Ịtinyekwu nanoparticles na mmiri mmiri nwere ike inwe ma nsonaazụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma.Mmetụta bara uru gụnyere ịba ụba nanoparticle collisions, mma ikuku thermal conductivity chọrọ, yana nkwalite okpomọkụ.
Ọnụọgụ mbufe ọkụ nke nanofluid gaa na mmiri mmiri dabere na nọmba Reynolds maka tubes 45° na 90°.
N'otu oge ahụ, mmetụta na-adịghị mma bụ mmụba nke viscosity dị ike nke nanofluid, nke na-ebelata mmegharị nke nanofluid, si otú ahụ belata nkezi Nusselt nọmba (Nuavg).Mmụba ọkụ ọkụ nke nanofluids (ZNP-SDBS @ DW) na (ZNP-COOH @ DW) kwesịrị ịbụ n'ihi mmegharị Brownian na microconvection nke graphene nanoparticles kwụsịtụrụ na DW37.Thermal conductivity nke nanofluid (ZNP-COOH @ DV) dị elu karịa nke nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS@DV) na distilled mmiri.Ịtinyekwu nanomaterials na mmiri mmiri na-eme ka okpomọkụ ha dịkwuo elu (Table 1)38.
Ọgụgụ 7 na-egosi nkezi ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu nke nanofluids nwere mmiri mmiri (DW) (f(NFs)/f(DW)) na pasentị oke (0.025%, 0.05% na 0.1%).Nkezi ọnụọgụ esemokwu na-abụkarị ≈1, nke pụtara na ndị na-abụghị covalent (GNF-SDBS@DW) na covalent (GNF-COOH@DW) nanofluids nwere otu ọnụọgụ esemokwu dị ka mmiri mmiri.Onye na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere obere oghere na-emepụta ihe mgbochi na-asọba ma na-abawanye esemokwu eruba1.N'ụzọ bụ isi, ọnụọgụ esemokwu nke esemokwu na-abawanye ntakịrị site na mmụba dị ukwuu nke nanofluid.A na-akpata mfu esemokwu dị elu site na viscosity dị ike nke nanofluid na-abawanye na nrụgide shear na-abawanye na elu yana pasentị nanographene dị elu na mmiri mmiri.Tebụl (1) na-egosi na viscosity ike nke nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) dị elu karịa nke nanofluid (ZNP-COOH @ DV) n'otu nha nha nha, nke jikọtara ya na mgbakwunye nke mmetụta elu.ndị na-arụ ọrụ na nanofluid na-abụghị covalent.
Na fig.8 na-egosi nanofluid atụnyere mmiri mmiri (DW) (\(\frac{{\Delta P}_{NFs}}{{\Delta P}_{DW}})) na (0.025%, 0.05% na 0.1% ).Ndị na-abụghị covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluid gosipụtara mfu nrụgide dị elu, yana mmụba na pasentị oke ruo 2.04% maka 0.025% wt., 2.46% maka 0.05% wt.na 3.44% maka 0.1% wt.na-ebuwanye ibu (helix angle 45° na 90°).Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nanofluid (GNPs-COOH @ DW) gosipụtara mbelata nrụgide nrụgide dị ala, na-abawanye site na 1.31% na 0.025% wt.ruo 1.65% na 0.05% wt.Nkezi mfu nrụgide nke 0.05 wt.% -COOH@NP na 0.1 wt.% -COOH@NP bụ 1.65%.Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ, nkwụsị nrụgide na-abawanye na ọnụ ọgụgụ Re na-abawanye n'ọnọdụ niile.Mbelata nrụgide na-abawanye na ụkpụrụ Re dị elu na-egosipụta site na ịdabere kpọmkwem na mgbaba olu.Ya mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ Re dị elu na tube na-eduga na nkwụsị nrụgide dị elu, nke na-achọ mmụba na mgbapụta mgbapụta39,40.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mfu nrụgide dị elu n'ihi ịdị elu nke eddies na ọgba aghara na-emepụta site na nnukwu ebe dị elu, nke na-eme ka mmekọrịta nke nrụgide na ike inertia dị na ókèala Layer1.
N'ozuzu, njirisi nyocha arụmọrụ (PEC) maka ndị na-abụghị covalent (VNP-SDBS@DW) na covalent (VNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids ka egosiri na fig.9. Nanofluid (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) gosipụtara ụkpụrụ PEC dị elu karịa (ZNP-COOH @ DV) n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ (helix angle 45 ° na 90 °) na ọ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma site n'ịba ụba nke ntanye, dịka ọmụmaatụ, 0.025. wt.%.bụ 1.17, 0.05 wt.% bụ 1.19 na 0.1 wt.% bụ 1.26.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụkpụrụ PEC na-eji nanofluids (GNPs-COOH@DW) bụ 1.02 maka 0.025 wt%, 1.05 maka 0.05 wt%, 1.05 maka 0.1 wt%.n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ (helix angle 45 ° na 90 °).1.02.Dị ka a na-achị, na mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds, arụmọrụ thermal-hydraulic na-ebelata nke ukwuu.Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds na-abawanye, mbelata na ọnụọgụ arụmọrụ thermal-hydraulic na-ejikọta ya na mmụba na (NuNFs/NuDW) yana mbelata na (fNFs/fDW).
Njirimara hydrothermal nke nanofluids n'ihe gbasara mmiri mmiri dabere na nọmba Reynolds maka tubes nwere akụkụ 45° na 90°.
Nkebi a na-atụle njirimara thermal nke mmiri (DW), na-abụghị covalent (VNP-SDBS@DW), na covalent (VNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids na atọ dị iche iche uka mkpokọta na Reynolds nọmba.A tụlere geometries abụọ gbakwụnye agbakwụnye okpomọkụ na nso 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000 gbasara ọkpọkọ ndị a na-ahụkarị (helix angle 45° na 90°) iji nyochaa nkezi arụmọrụ thermal-hydraulic.Na fig.10 na-egosi okpomọkụ nke mmiri na nanofluids na ntinye dị ka nkezi iji (helix angle 45° na 90°) maka ọkpọkọ nkịtị (\(\ frac {{{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}}{{ {T} _{out}_{Regular}}\)).Ndị na-abụghị covalent (GNP-SDBS@DW) na covalent (GNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids nwere akụkụ atọ dị arọ dị ka 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% na 0.1 wt%.Dị ka e gosiri na fig.11, nkezi uru nke mpụta okpomọkụ (\(\frac {{{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}}{{{T}_{out}}_{Plain}}\)) > 1, na-egosi na (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) okpomọkụ dị na nkwụsị nke onye na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ịrịba ama karịa nke ọkpọkọ a na-emekarị, n'ihi nnukwu mgbagwoju anya na ngwakọta ka mma nke mmiri mmiri.Na mgbakwunye, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị na ntinye nke DW, nanofluids na-abụghị covalent na covalent gbadara na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds na-abawanye.Mmiri mmiri dị n'okpuru (DW) nwere okpomọkụ mpụta kacha elu.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, uru kacha ala na-ezo aka na 0.1 wt% -SDBS@GNPs.Ndị na-abụghị covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluids gosipụtara ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị ala dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.Ebe ọ bụ na teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ na-eme ka mpaghara mmiri na-asọ asọ na-agwakọta, ọkụ ọkụ dị nso na mgbidi nwere ike ịgafe ngwa ngwa site na mmiri mmiri, na-abawanye okpomọkụ.Ntụgharị ntụgharị-na-tepe dị ala na-ebute ntinye ka mma ma si otú a na-enyefe okpomọkụ ka mma.N'aka nke ọzọ, a pụrụ ịhụ na teepu a na-atụgharị na-eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala na mgbidi ahụ, nke na-eme ka Nuavg dịkwuo elu.Maka ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ, uru Nuavg dị elu na-egosi mbufe ọkụ convective dị n'ime tube22.N'ihi ụzọ mgbaba na-arịwanye elu na ngwakọta ọzọ na ọgba aghara, oge obibi na-abawanye, na-ebute mmụba na okpomọkụ nke mmiri mmiri na outlet41.
Ọnụọgụ Reynolds dị iche iche nanofluids n'ihe metụtara okpomoku mpụta nke tubes a na-emekarị (45° na 90° helix angle).
Ọnụọgụ mbufe ọkụ (45° na 90° helix angle) na ọnụọgụ Reynolds maka ụdị nanofluids dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere tubes.
Isi usoro nke nkwalite ịgbanye teepu okpomọkụ nnyefe bụ dị ka ndị a: 1. Mbelata hydraulic dayameta nke okpomọkụ mgbanwe tube na-eduga na mmụba nke eruba ọsọ na curvature, nke n'aka na-abawanye shiee nrụgide na mgbidi na-akwalite nke abụọ ije.2. N'ihi nkwụsị nke teepu winding, ọsọ na mgbidi ọkpọkọ na-abawanye, na oke nke oke ala na-ebelata.3. Spiral eruba n'azụ eriri gbagọrọ agbagọ na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọsọ ọsọ.4. Ebute vortices na-eme ka ngwakọta mmiri dị n'etiti mpaghara etiti na nso mgbidi nke eruba42.Na fig.11 na fig.12 na-egosi njirimara nnyefe ọkụ nke DW na nanofluids, dịka ọmụmaatụ (mgbanwe ọkụ ọkụ na nkezi Nusselt nọmba) dị ka nkezi na-eji tubes ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere tubes.Ndị na-abụghị covalent (GNP-SDBS@DW) na covalent (GNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids nwere akụkụ atọ dị arọ dị iche iche dị ka 0.025 wt%, 0.05 wt% na 0.1 wt%.Na ma ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) nkezi nnyefe ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ bụ> 1, na-egosi mmụba na ọnụọgụ ọkụ ọkụ na nkezi Nusselt nọmba na tubes gbakọtara ma e jiri ya tụnyere tubes.Ndị na-abụghị covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluids gosipụtara nkwalite mbufe okpomọkụ dị elu karịa covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids.Na Re = 900, nkwalite 0.1 wt% na arụmọrụ nnyefe okpomọkụ -SDBS@GNPs maka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ abụọ (45 ° na 90 ° helix angle) bụ nke kachasị elu na uru nke 1.90.Nke a pụtara na mmetụta TP otu ahụ dị mkpa karịa na ọsọ ọsọ mmiri dị ala (nọmba Reynolds) 43 yana ịba ụba ọgba aghara.N'ihi ntinye nke otutu vortices, ọnụọgụ ọkụ na-enye ọkụ na nkezi Nusselt ọnụ ọgụgụ nke tubes TT dị elu karịa tubes ndị a na-emekarị, na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị nro dị nro.Ọnụnọ nke HP ọ na-abawanye ụba nke ọgba aghara, ịgwakọta mmiri mmiri na-arụ ọrụ na mbufe ọkụ na-abawanye ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkpọkọ ntọala (na-etinyeghị teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ)21.
Nkezi nọmba Nusselt (helix akuku 45° na 90°) na ọnụọgụ Reynolds maka ụdị nanofluids dị iche iche atụnyere ọkpọkọ.
Ọnụọgụ 13 na 14 na-egosi nkezi ọnụọgụgụ esemokwu (\(\frac{{f}_{Twisted}}{{f}_{Plain}}\)) na mfu nrụgide (\(\frac{{\Delta P}) _ {Twisted}}{{\Delta P}_{Plain}}\}} ihe dị ka 45° na 90° maka ọkpọkọ ndị na-eji DW nanofluids, (GNPs-SDBS@DW) na (GNPs-COOH@DW) ion Exchanger nwere. ( 0.025 wt %, 0.05 wt % na 0.1 wt %). {{f}_{Plain} }\)) na mfu nrụgide (\(\frac{{ \Delta P}_{Twisted}}{{\Delta P }_{Plain}}\}) na-ebelata, ọnụọgụ esemokwu na mfu nrụgide dị elu na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds dị ala Nkezi ọnụọgụ esemokwu na ọnwụ nrụgide dị n'etiti 3.78 na 3.12 Nkezi ọnụọgụ esemokwu na mfu nrụgide na-egosi na (45° helix angle na 90 °) okpomọkụ Exchanger na-eri ugboro atọ karịa ọkpọkọ ndị a na-emekarị. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbe mmiri mmiri na-arụ ọrụ na-agba ọsọ na ọsọ ọsọ, ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu na-ebelata nsogbu ahụ na-ebilite n'ihi na ka ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds na-abawanye, ọkpụrụkpụ nke oyi akwa ókè. na-ebelata, nke na-eduga n'ibelata mmetụta nke viscosity dị ike na mpaghara emetụtara, mbelata nke gradients ọsọ ọsọ na nrụgide ịkwa osisi na, n'ihi ya, mbelata ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu21.Mmetụta mgbochi ka mma n'ihi ọnụnọ nke TT na mmụba nke swirl na-ebute oke nrụgide dị elu maka ọkpọkọ TT dị iche iche karịa maka ọkpọkọ ntọala.Na mgbakwunye, maka ma ọkpọkọ isi na ọkpọkọ TT, enwere ike ịhụ na nrụgide nrụgide na-abawanye na ọsọ nke mmiri na-arụ ọrụ43.
Ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu (45° na 90° helix angle) na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds maka ụdị nanofluids dị iche iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere tubes.
Mbelata nrụgide (45° na 90° helix angle) dị ka ọrụ nke nọmba Reynolds maka dị iche iche nanofluids n'ihe metụtara tube nkịtị.
Na nchịkọta, eserese 15 na-egosi njirisi nyocha arụmọrụ (PEC) maka ndị na-agbanwe ọkụ nwere akụkụ 45° na 90° ma e jiri ya tụnyere tubes larịị (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}} )) na (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% na 0.1 wt.%) na-eji DV, (VNP-SDBS@DV) na covalent (VNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids.Uru (\(\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\))> 1 n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ (45° na 90° helix angle) n'ime ihe ngbanwe ọkụ.Na mgbakwunye, (\frac {{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\)) ruru uru kacha mma na Re = 11,000.Ihe ngbanwe okpomọkụ nke 90° na-egosi ntakịrị mmụba na (\ (\frac{{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}}\)) ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ngbanwe ọkụ 45°., Na Re = 11,000 0.1 wt% -GNPs@SDBS na-anọchi anya elu (\(\frac {{PEC}_{Twisted}}{{PEC}_{Plain}})) ụkpụrụ, eg 1.25 maka 45° okpomọkụ mgbanwe akuku na 1.27 maka 90 ° nkuku okpomọkụ Exchanger.Ọ karịrị otu n'ime pasentị niile nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta, nke na-egosi na ọkpọkọ nwere ihe ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ dị elu karịa ọkpọkọ nkịtị.N'ụzọ doro anya, mbufe ọkụ ka mma nke ntinye teepu butere mmụba dị ukwuu na mfu esemokwu22.
Nrụpụta arụmọrụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds dị iche iche nanofluids n'ihe metụtara tubes (45° na 90° helix angle).
Ihe mgbakwunye A na-egosi streamlines maka 45° na 90° okpomọkụ mgbanwe na Re = 7000 iji DW, 0.1 wt% -GNP-SDBS@DW na 0.1 wt% -GNP-COOH@DW.Ọdịda dị na ụgbọ elu transverse bụ ihe kacha pụta ìhè nke mmetụta ntinye rịbọn gbagọrọ agbagọ na isi mmiri.Ojiji nke 45º na 90º ndị na-agbanwe ọkụ na-egosi na ọsọ dị na mpaghara mgbidi dị nso bụ otu ihe ahụ.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe mgbakwunye B na-egosi contours ọsọ maka 45° na 90° okpomọkụ mgbanwe na Re = 7000 iji DW, 0.1 wt% -GNP-SDBS@DW na 0.1 wt% -GNP-COOH@DW.Loops ọsọ dị na ebe atọ dị iche iche (iberibe), dịka ọmụmaatụ, Plain-1 (P1 = -30mm), Plain-4 (P4 = 60mm) na Plain-7 (P7 = 150mm).Ọsọ ọsọ dị nso na mgbidi ọkpọkọ dị ala na ọsọ mmiri na-abawanye na etiti ọkpọkọ.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbe ị na-agafe n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, mpaghara nke obere ọsọ dị nso na mgbidi na-abawanye.Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba nke oyi akwa ókèala hydrodynamic, nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ nke mpaghara dị ala dị nso n'akụkụ mgbidi ahụ.Na mgbakwunye, ịba ụba ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds na-abawanye ọkwa ọsọ ọsọ na mpaghara obe niile, si otú a na-ebelata ọkpụrụkpụ nke mpaghara ọsọ dị ala na ọwa39.
A tụlere nanosheets graphene na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na nke anaghị arụ ọrụ na ntinye teepu gbagọrọ agbagọ nwere akụkụ helix nke 45° na 90°.A na-edozi ihe ọkụ ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-eji ọnụọgụ SST k-omega turbulence nlereanya na 7000 ≤ Re ≤ 17000. A na-agbakọ ihe ndị dị na thermophysical na Tin = 308 K. N'otu oge ahụ kpoo mgbidi tube gbagọrọ agbagọ na okpomọkụ nke 330 K. COOH @ DV) A ghasara ya na oke nha atọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ (0.025 wt.%, 0.05 wt.% na 0.1 wt.%).Ọmụmụ ihe a na-eme ugbu a tụlere isi ihe isii: okpomọkụ ọpụpụ, ọnụọgụ nnyefe ọkụ, nkezi ọnụọgụ Nusselt, ọnụọgụ nke esemokwu, ọnwụ nrụgide, na njirisi nyocha ọrụ.Nke a bụ isi ihe nchoputa:
Nkezi okpomọkụ ({{T}_{out}}_{Nanofluids}\)/\({T}_{out}}_{Basefluid})) na-erukwa 1, nke pụtara na na-agbasaghị Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke valence (ZNP-SDBS @ DV) na covalent (ZNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids dị ala karịa nke mmiri mmiri.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nkezi okpomọkụ ({{T}_{out}}_{Twisted}\)/\({{T}_{out}}_{Plain}\)) uru> 1, na-egosi eziokwu na (45° na 90° helix n'akuku) na outlet okpomọkụ dị elu karịa na ot tubes.
N'okwu abụọ ahụ, nkezi ụkpụrụ nke ihe ndị na-enye ọkụ ọkụ (nanofluid / mmiri mmiri) na (tube na-agbagọ / tube nkịtị) na-egosi mgbe niile> 1.Ndị na-abụghị covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) nanofluids gosipụtara mmụba dị elu na mbufe ọkụ, kwekọrọ na covalent (GNPs-COOH @ DW) nanofluids.
Nkezi ọnụọgụgụ esemokwu (\({f}_{Nanofluids}/{f}_{Basefluid}\)) nke na-abụghị covalent (VNP-SDBS@DW) na covalent (VNP-COOH@DW) nanofluids bụ mgbe niile ≈1 .esemokwu nke na-abụghị covalent (ZNP-SDBS@DV) na covalent (ZNP-COOH@DV) nanofluids (\({f}_{Twisted}/{f}_{Plain}\)) maka mgbe niile> 3.
N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ (45° na 90° helix angle), nanofluids (GNPs-SDBS@DW) gosiri elu (\({\Delta P}_{Nanofluids}/{\Delta P}_{Basefluid}\)) 0.025 wt .% maka 2.04%, 0.05 wt.% maka 2.46% na 0.1 wt.% maka 3.44%.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids gosipụtara ala (\({\Delta P}_{Nanofluids}/{\Delta P}_{Basefluid}\)) site na 1.31% maka 0.025 wt.% ruo 1.65% bụ 0.05 % site na ibu.Na mgbakwunye, nkezi mfu nrụgide (\({\Delta P}_{Twisted}/{\Delta P}_{Plain}\) nke na-abụghị covalent (GNPs-SDBS@DW) na covalent (GNPs-COOH@DW) ))) nanofluids mgbe niile>3.
N'okwu abụọ ahụ (45° na 90° helix angle), nanofluids (GNPs-SDBS@DW) gosiri elu ({PEC}_{Nanofluids}/{PEC} _{Basefluid}\)) @DW uru) , eg 0.025 wt.% - 1.17, 0,05 wt.% - 1.19, 0,1 wt.% - 1.26.N'okwu a, ụkpụrụ nke ({PEC}_{Nanofluids}/{PEC}_{Basefluid}\)) na-eji (GNPs-COOH@DW) nanofluids bụ 1.02 maka 0.025 wt.%, 1.05 maka 0. , 05wt.% na 1.02 bụ 0.1% site na ibu.Na mgbakwunye, na Re = 11,000, 0.1 wt% -GNPs@SDBS gosipụtara ụkpụrụ dị elu (\({PEC}_{Twisted}/{PEC}_{Plain}\)), dị ka 1.25 maka 45° helix angle na 90° helix akụkụ 1.27.
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Oge nzipu: Mar-17-2023